The time-varying mismatch between electricity supply and demand is a growing challenge for the electricity market. This difference will be exacerbated with the fast-growing renewable energy penetration to the grid, due to its inherent volatility. Energy storage systems can offer a solution for this demand-generation imbalance, while generating economic benefits through the arbitrage in terms of electricity prices difference. In the present study, a method to estimate the potential revenues of typical energy storage systems is developed. The revenue is considered as the income from the energy storage plant with various roundtrip efficiencies. Thus, an optimal methodology was developed to determine the largest revenue through the charging and discharging operations based on the price profile. It is then applied to the California market in the United States to investigate the potential economic performance of three primary energy storage technologies: Lithium-Ion Batteries, Compressed Air Energy Storage and Pumped Hydro Storage. In particular, the maximum daily revenue from arbitrage is calculated considering various strategies of charging and discharging times as well as the technology’s roundtrip efficiency. The estimated capacity cost of energy storage for different loan periods is also estimated to determine the breakeven cost of the different energy storage technologies for an arbitrage application scenario. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) is found to be the most cost-effective but is not a good candidate for increased capacity in many countries due to concerns associated with developing new dams. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), was found to be the second most cost-effective but still requires much more technology development before it is ready for widespread usage. Lithium battery is well-developed but is currently much too costly (by a factor of four) for a large scale energy storage application. The proposed method can be applied as these and other technologies and their associated costs evolve.

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不同储能技术和策略的套利分析

电力供需之间随时间变化的不匹配是电力市场面临的日益严峻的挑战。由于可再生能源固有的波动性，这种差异将随着可再生能源在电网中的快速增长而加剧。储能系统可以解决这种需求发电不平衡的问题，同时通过电价差套利产生经济效益。在本研究中，开发了一种估计典型储能系统潜在收入的方法。该收入被视为具有各种往返效率的储能电站的收入。因此，开发了一种最佳方法来根据价格概况确定通过充电和放电操作的最大收入。然后将其应用于美国加州市场，调查三种主要储能技术的潜在经济绩效：锂离子电池、压缩空气储能和抽水蓄能。特别是，套利的每日最大收入是在考虑各种充放电时间策略以及技术的往返效率的情况下计算的。还估算了不同贷款期限的储能容量成本，以确定套利应用场景下不同储能技术的盈亏平衡成本。抽水蓄能（PHS）被认为是最具成本效益的，但由于与开发新水坝相关的担忧，在许多国家并不适合增加容量。压缩空气储能（CAES）被认为是第二最具成本效益的，但在广泛使用之前仍需要更多的技术开发。锂电池已经发展成熟，但目前对于大规模储能应用来说成本太高（四倍）。随着这些技术和其他技术及其相关成本的发展，可以应用所提出的方法。