Thermal treatment versus hydrothermal carbonization: How to synthesize nitrogen-enriched carbon materials for energy storage applications?,International Journal of Energy Research

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Thermal treatment versus hydrothermal carbonization: How to synthesize nitrogen-enriched carbon materials for energy storage applications?
International Journal of Energy Research ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-20 , DOI: 10.1002/er.7275
Muhammad‐Jamal Alhnidi ₁ , Jan W. Straten ₁ , Sabina A. Nicolae ₂ , Viola Hoffmann ₁ , Maria‐Magdalena Titirici ₃ , Andrea Kruse ₁

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The thermal treatment of an activated carbon/chars with a nitrogen precursor is not a sustainable nor an efficient method for the incorporation of N into the carbon structure. This study proposes the use of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as an environmentally friendly method for the incorporation of N into the bulk of carbon materials. The authors propose the following sequence for the synthesis of N-enriched carbon materials (NCM) for energy storage applications: HTC of the N precursor and biomass → activation of N-hydrochar (N-HC). To investigate the proposed method, HTCs of spent coffee grounds (SCG) with N precursors (urea and alanine) were conducted at 220°C for 5 hours. The resulted N-HCs were subjected to a mild thermal activation via pyrolysis at 600°C for 2 hours. The results showed that HTC enhances the incorporation of N into the carbon matrix via many reactions, for example, the Maillard reaction (MR) or the Mannich reaction, which may accompany the formation of HC via the solved-intermediate pathway or the solid-to-solid pathway, respectively. However, adjusting some parameters before HTC, for example, the concentration of the N precursor and the pH value of the slurry is important to avoid a significant reduction in the N-HC yield. The proposed method led to the synthesis of NCM with a N content of 10.3wt% The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the incorporation of N into the bulk of NCM and showed a significant increase in the content of heterocyclic N compounds (pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N) in the NCM. The incorporation of N via the proposed method significantly improved the electrochemical properties of NCM as the values of the specific capacitance and the electrical conductivity in the NCM increased by five times and four times, respectively.

中文翻译：

热处理与水热碳化：如何合成用于储能应用的富氮碳材料？

用氮前体对活性炭/炭进行热处理既不是可持续的，也不是将 N 结合到碳结构中的有效方法。本研究提出使用水热碳化 (HTC) 作为将 N 掺入大量碳材料的环保方法。作者提出了以下序列来合成用于储能应用的富氮碳材料 (NCM)：N 前体和生物质的 HTC → 活化 N-hydrochar (N-HC)。为了研究所提出的方法，在 220°C 下对废咖啡渣 (SCG) 与 N 前体（尿素和丙氨酸）进行了 5 小时的 HTC。得到的 N-HC 通过在 600°C 下热解 2 小时进行温和的热活化。结果表明，HTC通过许多反应增强了N在碳基质中的结合，例如美拉德反应（MR）或曼尼希反应，这可能伴随着HC通过溶解中间途径或固相途径的形成。 -固体途径，分别。然而，在 HTC 之前调整一些参数，例如 N 前体的浓度和浆料的 pH 值对于避免 N-HC 产量的显着降低很重要。所提出的方法导致 N 含量为 10.3wt% 的 NCM 的合成 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 证实 N 掺入 NCM 的主体中并显示杂环 N 化合物 (吡啶N、吡咯 N 和石墨 N）在 NCM 中。

更新日期：2021-09-20

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