Blended cements appear as the most promising way to massively produce cements with reduced environmental footprints. However, considering the generally lower early mechanical performance of highly blended cements, chemical admixtures are increasingly relied upon to increase early strength. However, in many cases this can negatively impact other properties as rheology and durability.

This paper proposes an approach to formulate low clinker cements and concrete using moderate alkali activation or gypsum to enhance early and long-term compressive strength, without inducing excessive alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion. It examines blended cements containing burnt oil shale along with limestone and fly ash or slag as supplementary cementitious materials. It optimizes the combination of polycarboxylate ether (PCE) superplasticizers with the strength enhancers. Along with the use of Ca(NO₃)₂ to drive PCE adsorption, this provides good rheology control, increased early and long-term compressive strength, as well as acceptable ASR expansion in cements with only 50% clinker.

混合水泥似乎是大规模生产水泥、减少环境足迹的最有前途的方法。然而，考虑到高度混合水泥的早期机械性能普遍较低，越来越多地依赖化学外加剂来提高早期强度。然而，在许多情况下，这会对流变学和耐久性等其他特性产生负面影响。

本文提出了一种使用适度碱活化或石膏配制低熟料水泥和混凝土的方法，以提高早期和长期抗压强度，而不会引起过度的碱硅反应 (ASR) 膨胀。它检查了包含燃烧油页岩以及石灰石和粉煤灰或矿渣作为补充胶凝材料的混合水泥。它优化了聚羧酸醚 (PCE) 减水剂与强度增强剂的组合。随着使用 Ca(NO ₃ ) ₂来驱动 PCE 吸附，这提供了良好的流变控制，增加了早期和长期的抗压强度，以及在仅含 50% 熟料的水泥中的可接受的 ASR 膨胀。