Dinitramine (DN), an herbicide in the dinitroaniline family, is used in agricultural areas to prevent unwanted plant growth. Dinitroaniline herbicides inhibit cell division by preventing microtubulin synthesis. They are strongly absorbed by the soil and can contaminate groundwater; however, the mode of action of these herbicides in non-target organisms remains unclear. In this study, we examined the developmental toxicity of DN in zebrafish embryos exposed to 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 mg/L DN, compared to embryos exposed to DMSO (control) for 96 h. Visual assessments using transgenic zebrafish (fli1:eGFP) indicated abnormal cardiac development with enlarged ventricles and atria, decreased heartbeats, and impaired cardiac function. Along with cardiac development, vessel formation and angiogenesis were suppressed through activation of the inflammatory response. In addition, exposure to 6.4 mg/L DN for 96 h induced cell death, with upregulation of genes related to apoptosis. Our results showed that DN induced morphological changes and triggered an inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death that can impair embryonic growth and survival, providing an important mechanism of DN in aquatic organisms.

二硝胺 (DN) 是二硝基苯胺家族中的一种除草剂，用于农业地区以防止不需要的植物生长。二硝基苯胺除草剂通过阻止微管蛋白合成来抑制细胞分裂。它们被土壤强烈吸收，会污染地下水；然而，这些除草剂对非目标生物的作用方式仍不清楚。在这项研究中，我们检查了暴露于 1.6、3.2 和 6.4 mg/L DN 的斑马鱼胚胎中 DN 的发育毒性，与暴露于 DMSO（对照）96 小时的胚胎相比。使用转基因斑马鱼 ( fli1:eGFP) 进行视觉评估) 表示心脏发育异常，心室和心房扩大，心跳减少，心脏功能受损。随着心脏发育，血管形成和血管生成通过炎症反应的激活受到抑制。此外，暴露于 6.4 mg/L DN 96 小时会诱导细胞死亡，并上调与细胞凋亡相关的基因。我们的研究结果表明，DN 诱导形态变化并引发炎症反应和细胞凋亡，从而损害胚胎的生长和存活，为水生生物中的 DN 提供了一个重要的机制。