Abstract

The analysis of the velocity of the Poynting vector and the energy density of electromagnetic waves emitted by the Hertz dipole excited by the Gaussian pulse are performed analyzing the motion of causal and extreme surfaces. The study of these characteristics opens up the possibilities of velocity determination of individual parts of pulses, such as slopes, not just causal surfaces. The mathematically confirmed view of pulse narrowing or widening, its shape changes, the ratio of pulse velocity to the light velocity c, is formulated based on the lack of energy transfer through the causal surface. We show that the electromagnetic wave of the Hertz dipole moves with the light velocity c only at large distances from the source, asymptotically approaching c. Due to this study we may say that “light velocity c is the velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum at long distances from the source.” This additive “at long distances from the source” is not important for light waves with a micrometric wavelength, but it is important from a natural and conceptual point of view and for radio waves. The obtained results shed light on physical processes near the Hertz dipole, that have no explanation due to the lack of information about the directions and velocities of the Poynting vector and the energy density of electromagnetic waves near the dipole.

中文翻译：

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由高斯脉冲激发的赫兹偶极子发射的电磁波的能量特性速度

摘要

坡印廷矢量的速度和由高斯脉冲激发的赫兹偶极子发射的电磁波的能量密度的分析是通过分析因果表面和极端表面的运动来进行的。对这些特性的研究开辟了确定脉冲各个部分速度的可能性，例如斜率，而不仅仅是因果表面。数学上证实的脉冲变窄或加宽、其形状变化、脉冲速度与光速c之比的观点是基于缺乏通过因果表面的能量转移而制定的。我们表明赫兹偶极子的电磁波仅在距离源很远的地方以光速c移动，渐近地接近c. 由于这项研究，我们可以说“光速c是真空中距离源很远的电磁波的速度。” 这种“距离源头很远”的添加剂对于微米波长的光波并不重要，但从自然和概念的角度来看，对于无线电波来说却很重要。获得的结果揭示了赫兹偶极子附近的物理过程，由于缺乏关于坡印廷矢量的方向和速度以及偶极子附近电磁波的能量密度的信息，因此无法解释。