Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines involved in the immune response that act on innate and adaptive immunity. These proteins are natural cell-signaling glycoproteins expressed in response to viral infections, tumors, and biological inducers and constitute the first line of defense of vertebrates against infectious agents. They have been marketed for more than 30 years with considerable impact on the global therapeutic protein market thanks to their diversity in terms of biological activities. They have been used as single agents or with combination treatment regimens, demonstrating promising clinical results, resulting in 22 different formulations approved by regulatory agencies. The 163 clinical trials with currently active IFNs reinforce their importance as therapeutics for human health. However, their application has presented difficulties due to the molecules’ size, sensitivity to degradation, and rapid elimination from the bloodstream. For some years now, work has been underway to obtain new drug delivery systems to provide adequate therapeutic concentrations for these cytokines, decrease their toxicity and prolong their half-life in the circulation. Although different research groups have presented various formulations that encapsulate IFNs, to date, there is no formulation approved for use in humans. The current review exhibits an updated summary of all encapsulation forms presented in the scientific literature for IFN-α, IFN-ß, and IFN-γ, from the year 1996 to the year 2021, considering parameters such as: encapsulating matrix, route of administration, target, advantages, and disadvantages of each formulation.

中文翻译：

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干扰素封装的形式和方法


干扰素 (IFN) 是参与免疫反应的细胞因子，作用于先天免疫和适应性免疫。这些蛋白质是响应病毒感染、肿瘤和生物诱导物而表达的天然细胞信号糖蛋白，构成脊椎动物抵御感染原的第一道防线。它们已上市 30 多年，由于其生物活性的多样性，对全球治疗蛋白市场产生了相当大的影响。它们已作为单一药物或联合治疗方案使用，显示出有希望的临床结果，导致监管机构批准了 22 种不同的制剂。目前活性干扰素的 163 项临床试验强化了其作为人类健康治疗药物的重要性。然而，由于分子的大小、降解敏感性以及从血流中快速消除，它们的应用遇到了困难。多年来，人们一直致力于获得新的药物输送系统，为这些细胞因子提供足够的治疗浓度，降低其毒性并延长其在循环中的半衰期。尽管不同的研究小组提出了各种封装干扰素的制剂，但迄今为止，还没有批准用于人类的制剂。当前的综述展示了 1996 年至 2021 年科学文献中 IFN-α、IFN-ß 和 IFN-γ 的所有封装形式的更新摘要，考虑了以下参数：封装基质、给药途径每种配方的目标、优点和缺点。