In order to determine the pollution sources and human health risks of metal elements in PM_2.5, samples were collected by a large flow particulate matter sampler in the four seasons in 2013, 2015, and 2017 (January, April, July, and October). The mass concentrations of 10 metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed. The sources of heavy metals were identified by Unmix, and the potential non-carcinogenic/carcinogenic risk was evaluated. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored during the high-carcinogenic risk period (HCRP). The wind field and 72 h backward trajectories were performed to identify the potential local and regional sources in HCRP. The results showed that the average annual concentrations of PM_2.5 in the urban area of Handan city were 105.14, 91.18, and 65.85 μg/m³ in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively. The average daily concentrations of the metals in PM_2.5 in January were higher than that of April, July, and October. The average mass concentrations of the 10 heavy metal elements in PM_2.5 were 698.26, 486.92, and 456.94 ng·m⁻³ in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively. The main sources of the metals in PM_2.5 were soil dust sources, vehicular emissions, coal burning, and industrial activities. The carcinogenic risks of Cr and As were above 1 × 10⁻⁶ over the three years. Wind direction analysis showed that the potential local sources were heavy industry enterprises and the economic development zone. The backward trajectory analysis indicated that PM_2.5 long transported from Shandong, Henan, and the surrounding cities of Handan had quite an impact on the heavy metals contained in the atmosphere of the studied area. The health risk assessment results demonstrated that the trend for non-carcinogenic risk declined, and there was no non-carcinogenic risk in 2017. However, the carcinogenic risk levels were high over the three years, particularly in January.

中文翻译：

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邯郸：华北典型重污染城市PM2.5重金属来源解析及健康风险评估

为确定PM _2.5中金属元素的污染源和人体健康风险，在2013年、2015年和2017年四个季节（1月、4月、7月和10月）采用大流量颗粒物采样器采集样品。分析了 10 种金属（Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd 和 Pb）的质量浓度。Unmix识别重金属来源，评估潜在的非致癌/致癌风险。在高致癌风险期 (HCRP) 期间，还探讨了当地和区域来源的影响。执行风场和 72 小时后向轨迹以识别 HCRP 中潜在的局部和区域源。结果表明，PM _{2.5 的}年均浓度邯郸市市区2013年、2015年和2017年分别为105.14、91.18和65.85 μg/m ³。1 月份PM _2.5中金属的日均浓度高于 4、7 和 10 月份。2013年、2015年和2017年PM _2.5中10种重金属元素的平均质量浓度分别为698.26、486.92和456.94 ng·m ^-3。PM _2.5中金属的主要来源是土壤粉尘源、车辆排放、燃煤和工业活动。Cr和As的致癌风险大于1×10 ^-6在这三年中。风向分析表明，潜在的地方来源是重工业企业和经济开发区。后向轨迹分析表明，从山东、河南及邯郸周边城市长期输送的PM _2.5对研究区大气中的重金属含量有较大影响。健康风险评估结果显示，非致癌风险呈下降趋势，2017年无非致癌风险，但近三年致癌风险水平较高，尤其是1月份。