Cities are experiencing a process of suburbanization and last-mile delivery has grown, worsening traffic congestion, pollutant emissions, and citizens’ quality of life. Based on a real-life case study, this research compares the environmental performance of different delivery routes carried out by Diesel Light-Duty Vehicles (LDV) according to delivery area, city center or peri-urban. Some 242 delivery routes performed by thirteen drivers were recorded for one month, including instantaneous GPS position, speed, and other parameters (7262 km travelled). Four different delivery routes typologies were compared, and the drag function of the vehicles was characterized. It enabled calibration and modelling dynamics to calculate fuel consumption and pollutant emissions according to delivery routes. The results show that pedestrian crossings, traffic lights, and traffic congestion reduce the average operating speed by up to 57% in the city center and consequently overall energy efficiency. Our results highlight the urgency of replacing diesel LDV for deliveries in the city center with no-motorized transport modes and of implementing intermodality to cover deliveries in residential peri-urban areas. Due to low speeds and frequent start-stops, the efficiency of vehicles in these areas is reduced to a minimum and pollutant emissions increase. The outputs set a basis for recommendations for using LDV only for delivery routes with less traffic interruptions and foster intermodal solutions.

中文翻译：

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马德里市中心与城郊地区配送路线环境绩效对比分析

城市正在经历郊区化的过程，最后一英里的交付不断增加，交通拥堵、污染物排放和公民生活质量不断恶化。本研究基于现实案例研究，比较了柴油轻型车辆 (LDV) 根据交付区域、市中心或郊区的不同交付路线的环境绩效。一个月内记录了 13 名司机执行的约 242 条送货路线，包括瞬时 GPS 位置、速度和其他参数（行驶 7262 公里）。比较了四种不同的配送路线类型，并对车辆的拖曳功能进行了表征。它支持校准和建模动力学，以根据交付路线计算燃料消耗和污染物排放。结果表明，人行横道，交通信号灯和交通拥堵使市中心的平均运行速度降低了 57%，从而降低了整体能源效率。我们的研究结果强调了用非机动交通方式代替柴油 LDV 在市中心交付的紧迫性，以及实施多式联运以覆盖郊区住宅区的交付的紧迫性。由于低速和频繁启停，这些地区的车辆效率降低到最低限度，污染物排放增加。输出为仅将 LDV 用于交通中断较少的交付路线的建议奠定了基础，并促进了多式联运解决方案。我们的研究结果强调了用非机动交通方式代替柴油 LDV 在市中心交付的紧迫性，以及实施多式联运以覆盖郊区住宅区的交付的紧迫性。由于低速和频繁启停，这些地区的车辆效率降低到最低限度，污染物排放增加。输出为仅将 LDV 用于交通中断较少的交付路线并促进多式联运解决方案的建议奠定了基础。我们的研究结果强调了用非机动交通方式代替柴油 LDV 在市中心交付的紧迫性，以及实施多式联运以覆盖郊区住宅区的交付的紧迫性。由于低速和频繁启停，这些地区的车辆效率降低到最低限度，污染物排放增加。输出为仅将 LDV 用于交通中断较少的交付路线并促进多式联运解决方案的建议奠定了基础。