The current study was designed to assess nanomaterial sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) potential in improving tolerance of wheat chloroplasts against nitrate (NS) and ammonium (AS) toxicity. Triticum aestivum cv. Ekiz was grown under SGOs (50–250–500 mg L⁻¹) with/without 140 mM NS and 5 mM AS stress. SGOs were eliminated the adverse effects produced by stress on chlorophyll fluorescence, potential photochemical efficiency and physiological state of the photosynthetic apparatus. SGO reversed the negative effects on these parameters. Upon SGOs exposure, the induced expression levels of photosystems-related reaction center proteins were observed. SGOs reverted radical accumulation triggered by NS by enabling the increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and ascorbate (AsA) regeneration. Under AS, the turnover of both AsA and glutathione (GSH) was maintained by 50–250 mg L⁻¹ SGO by increasing the enzymes and non-enzymes related to AsA-GSH cycle. 500 mg L⁻¹ SGO prevented the radical over-accumulation produced by AS via the regeneration of AsA and peroxidase (POX) activity rather than GSH regeneration. 50–250 mg L⁻¹ SGO protected from the NS+AS-induced disruptions through the defense pathways connected with AsA-GSH cycle represented the high rates of AsA/DHA and, GSH/GSSG and GSH redox state. Our findings specified that SGO to NS and AS-stressed wheat provides a new potential tool to advance the tolerance mechanism.

目前的研究旨在评估纳米材料磺化氧化石墨烯 (SGO) 在提高小麦叶绿体对硝酸盐 (NS) 和铵 (AS) 毒性耐受性方面的潜力。小麦品种 Ekiz在 SGO下生长（50–250–500 mg L ^-1) 有/无 140 mM NS 和 5 mM AS 应力。SGOs消除了胁迫对叶绿素荧光、潜在光化学效率和光合器生理状态的不利影响。SGO 扭转了对这些参数的负面影响。在 SGO 暴露后，观察到光系统相关反应中心蛋白的诱导表达水平。SGO 通过增加超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性和抗坏血酸 (AsA) 再生来恢复由 NS 触发的自由基积累。在 AS 下，通过增加与 AsA-GSH 循环相关的酶和非酶，AsA 和谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的周转保持在 50-250 mg L ^{-1 SGO。}500 毫克 L ^-1SGO 通过再生 AsA 和过氧化物酶 (POX) 活性而不是 GSH 再生来防止 AS 产生的自由基过度积累。50-250 mg L ^-1 SGO 通过与 AsA-GSH 循环相关的防御途径保护免受 NS+AS 诱导的破坏，代表 AsA/DHA 和 GSH/GSSG 和 GSH 氧化还原状态的高比率。我们的研究结果表明，SGO 对 NS 和 AS 胁迫小麦提供了一种新的潜在工具来推进耐受机制。