Landscape multifunctionality is increasingly recognized as an important aspect in sustainability and developmental debates. Yet, how and why a multifunctional landscape configuration develops over time has not been sufficiently studied. Here we present the geoarchaeological investigation of the Santa Mariña de Augas Santas site, in northwestern Spain. We focus on the role of religious practice, and of its interplay with productive strategies, in landscape transformation. A geochemical, mineralogical, and geochronological characterization of the pedo-sedimentary record (including XRF, EA-IRMS, XRD, OSL and 14C measurements) allowed to characterize catchment scale sedimentation processes in relation to agricultural activities. The geographical and chronological coincidence of production functions with documented religious activities demonstrate that both aspects shared geographical spaces during the last millennium. Current landscape multifunctionality at Santa Mariña is thus not the final outcome of a specific evolution, but an essential aspect of traditional land use strategies through history and a driver of change. This work highlights the need of a long-term study of the processes of landscape configuration when assessing the sustainability of traditional productive systems.

中文翻译：

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信仰的领土：1000 年圣玛丽娜德奥加斯圣塔斯的多功能景观（西班牙西北部）

景观多功能性越来越被认为是可持续性和发展辩论中的一个重要方面。然而，多功能景观配置如何以及为什么随着时间的推移而发展还没有得到充分研究。在这里，我们介绍了对西班牙西北部的 Santa Mariña de Augas Santas 遗址的地质考古调查。我们专注于宗教实践的作用及其与生产策略的相互作用，在景观改造中。土壤沉积记录的地球化学、矿物学和地质年代学特征（包括 XRF、EA-IRMS、XRD、OSL 和 14C 测量）允许表征与农业活动相关的流域规模沉积过程。生产功能与记录在案的宗教活动在地理和时间上的重合表明，这两个方面在上个千年共享地理空间。因此，Santa Mariña 目前的景观多功能性不是特定演变的最终结果，而是历史上传统土地利用策略的一个重要方面，也是变革的驱动力。这项工作强调了在评估传统生产系统的可持续性时对景观配置过程进行长期研究的必要性。