Biorefining involves the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable food and feed ingredients, bio-based products (chemicals and materials), and bioenergy (biofuels, power, and/or heat). The processing of sugarcane is a successful example of renewable bioenergy being produced on a large industrial scale. As the world largest crop by production quantity, around 1907 millions of tons of sugarcane were globally produced last year. Currently, most of the sugarcane mills produce first generation (1 G) ethanol, sugar, and energy from the burning of bagasse. However, the use of part of the sugarcane bagasse to produce second generation (2 G) ethanol is beginning to move towards an industrial reality. The 2 G ethanol process itself also generates several side-streams, which could be further used to obtain high added-value products. Integrated 1 G-2 G biorefineries, where the whole sugarcane biomass is converted to bioenergy and a suite of bio-based products, can be an attractive investment option for a future scenario of a low-carbon economy. The purpose of this review is to gather together the most recent technologies that have been developed to enable the whole use of feedstocks, byproducts, and side-streams within the sugarcane biorefinery. Possible ways to improve the efficiency of biomass processing are discussed, such as the use of low-cost additives, together with the economic and environmental aspects related to the implementation of a sugarcane biorefinery. Potential applications of sugarcane bagasse and straw to obtain valuable products including enzymes, biofertilizers, nanocellulose and lignin-derived commodities are presented as opportunities to improve the attractiveness of this business model.

生物精炼涉及将生物质可持续加工成一系列适销对路的食品和饲料成分、生物基产品（化学品和材料）和生物能源（生物燃料、电力和/或热量）。甘蔗加工是大规模工业生产可再生生物能源的一个成功例子。作为世界产量最大的作物，去年全球生产了约 19.07 亿吨甘蔗。目前，大多数甘蔗厂通过燃烧甘蔗渣生产第一代 (1 G) 乙醇、糖和能源。然而，使用部分甘蔗渣生产第二代 (2G) 乙醇正开始走向工业化。2G 乙醇工艺本身也会产生一些副流，这些副流可进一步用于获得高附加值的产品。集成的 1 G-2 G 生物精炼厂，将整个甘蔗生物质转化为生物能源和一套生物基产品，可以成为未来低碳经济情景的有吸引力的投资选择。本次审查的目的是汇集已开发的最新技术，以便在甘蔗生物精炼厂内全面利用原料、副产品和侧流。讨论了提高生物质加工效率的可能方法，例如使用低成本添加剂，以及与实施甘蔗生物精炼相关的经济和环境方面。甘蔗渣和秸秆在获得有价值的产品（包括酶、生物肥料、