Abstract

Protostomia and Deuterostomia as coelomic animals have a deterministic (mosaic) and regulatory development. The embryogenesis of Protostomia has no tendency toward regulation, which, however, is well developed in Deuterostomia. In our works, the ability to regulate the development of echinoderms, including the effect of gravitational fields on embryos, has been investigated. After centrifugation of sea urchin zygotes, in some cases the blastula is split in half and identical twins develop. The frequency of twins correlates with the cortex rigidity, which is determined by the organization of the cortical cytoskeleton of eggs and embryos. Twins do not form after centrifugation of zygotes in chiton and bivalve mollusks, but in some cases polyembryonic elements develop. Unlike sea urchins, the cortical cytoskeleton in mollusks is finally formed in ovogenesis and is not rearranged during fertilization. The morphogenetic role of the cortex of eggs and embryos in the regulatory development of Deuterostomia and the deterministic (mosaic) development of Protostomia is discussed.

中文翻译：

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棘皮动物调节发育的细胞学基础和软体动物的测定

摘要

Protostomia 和 Deuterostomia 作为体腔动物具有确定性（镶嵌）和调节发育。Protostomia 的胚胎发生没有调节的趋势，但在 Deuterostomia 中发育良好。在我们的工作中，研究了调节棘皮动物发育的能力，包括重力场对胚胎的影响。海胆受精卵离心后，在某些情况下，囊胚被分成两半并发育成同卵双胞胎。双胞胎的频率与皮质刚度相关，皮质刚度由卵子和胚胎的皮质细胞骨架的组织决定。石鳖和双壳类软体动物中的受精卵离心后不会形成双胞胎，但在某些情况下会形成多胚成分。与海胆不同的是，软体动物的皮质细胞骨架最终在卵子发生中形成，在受精过程中不会重新排列。讨论了卵子和胚胎皮质在 Deuterostomia 的调节发育和 Protostomia 的确定性（马赛克）发育中的形态发生作用。