Environmental Geochemistry and Health ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-20 , DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01096-6 Juma Muhammad 1, 2, 3 , Ping Xu 4 , Sardar Khan 1 , Jian Qiang Su 3 , Tasneem Sarwar 1 , Shahla Nazneen 1 , Alamgir Khan 5
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Exposure to high level of arsenic (As) through the ingestion of contaminated soil, dust and food plants can pose health risk to humans. This study investigates the total arsenic (As), arsenobetaine (AsB), monomethylarsenate (MMA), dimethylarsenate (DMA), arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+) concentrations in poultry feed, manure, agricultural soils and food plants collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The total mean As concentrations in the edible parts of food plants ranged from 0.096 mg kg−1 to 1.25 mg kg−1 with percentile (P) values (P25-0.039, P50-0.0765, P75-0.165 1 mg kg−1 to P25-0.95, P50-1.23, P75-1.6 1 mg kg−1) and exceeded the food safety limit (0.1 mg kg−1) of Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) in all plant species except Pisum sativum (pea) and Mentha arvensis (mint). The risk to human health was assessed through the average daily intake (ADI), hazards quotient (HQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (LTCR). The highest average daily intake of As via the ingestion of Malva neglecta (mallow, a leafy plant) was observed for adults and children. The ADI for adults and children (2.36 × 10−4 mg kg−1 day−1 and 6.33 × 10−4 mg kg−1 day−1) was about 13% and 5%, respectively, of the Bench Mark Dose Limit (BMDL0.5) of 3.00 × 10−3 mg kg−1 day−1 set by WHO. The HRI was 3 times more in the children (2.1) than the adults (0.79), posing non-cancer health risks (health risk index > 1) for children. The LTCR values were slightly higher (1.53 × 10−4) relative to USEPA and WHO limits (1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4) for children whereas a minimal cancer risk was observed for adults via consumption of selected food plants. The results showed that poultry manure can contaminate food plants that may lead to cancer and non-cancer risks in agricultural areas, Pakistan. Thus, it is important to minimize As concentration in poultry feed to safeguard human health and environment from adverse effects.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
家禽粪便中的砷对巴基斯坦开伯尔普赫图赫瓦的土壤和食用植物污染及相关癌症风险的贡献
通过摄入受污染的土壤、灰尘和食用植物而暴露于高水平的砷 (As) 会对人类造成健康风险。本研究调查了家禽饲料、粪便、农业土壤和食用植物中的总砷 (As)、砷甜菜碱 (AsB)、一甲基砷酸盐 (MMA)、二甲基砷酸盐 (DMA)、亚砷酸盐 (As 3+ ) 和砷酸盐 (As 5+ ) 浓度采集自巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省。食用植物可食用部分的总平均 As 浓度范围为 0.096 mg kg -1至 1.25 mg kg -1，百分位数 (P) 值（P25-0.039、P50-0.0765、P75-0.165 1 mg kg -1至 P25 -0.95, P50-1.23, P75-1.6 1 mg kg -1 ) 并超过食品安全限值 (0.1 mg kg−1 ) 在除豌豆(豌豆) 和薄荷(薄荷)之外的所有植物物种中符合联合国粮食及农业组织 (FAO) 和世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的要求 。通过平均每日摄入量（ADI）、危害商（HQ）、健康风险指数（HRI）和终生癌症风险（LTCR）来评估对人类健康的风险。成人和儿童通过摄入锦葵（锦葵，一种多叶植物）平均每日摄入量最高。成人和儿童的 ADI（2.36 × 10 -4 mg kg -1 day -1和 6.33 × 10 -4 mg kg -1 day -1) 分别约为WHO 设定的 3.00 × 10 -3 mg kg -1 day -1的基准剂量限值 (BMDL 0.5 ) 的 13% 和 5%。儿童的 HRI (2.1) 是成人 (0.79) 的 3 倍，对儿童构成非癌症健康风险 (健康风险指数 > 1)。相对于 USEPA 和 WHO 限值（1 × 10 -6至 1 × 10 -4 ） ，LTCR 值略高（1.53 × 10 -4 ）) 对儿童来说，而成年人通过食用选定的食用植物观察到的癌症风险最小。结果表明，家禽粪便会污染食用植物，这可能导致巴基斯坦农业区的癌症和非癌症风险。因此，重要的是尽量减少家禽饲料中的砷浓度，以保护人类健康和环境免受不利影响。
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