Photovoltaic (PV) cells have been applied for direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity. Their performance is significantly affected by the working temperature. Due to the higher efficiency of the cells in lower temperatures, several thermal management approaches have been applied in recent years. Employing liquids as coolant is one of the efficient approaches in cooling down the PV cells. Using fluids with enhanced heat transfer properties would lead to further improvement in the output of the cells. In this paper, utilization of a hybrid nanofluid, with improved thermophysical characteristics, is numerically investigated by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Results revealed that by employing the low concentration hybrid nanofluid instead of water, higher efficiency and consequently electrical output are achievable. The maximum enhancement in the efficiency of the cell compared with the reference case without cooling is around 35.66% which is obtained in case of using the nanofluid with mass flow rate of 0.0002 kg/s and solar irradiation of 1000 W/m².

中文翻译：

---

在炎热气候下使用混合纳米流体对光伏板进行热管理的效果

光伏 (PV) 电池已被用于将太阳辐射直接转换为电能。它们的性能受工作温度的影响很大。由于电池在较低温度下的效率更高，近年来已经应用了几种热管理方法。使用液体作为冷却剂是冷却 PV 电池的有效方法之一。使用具有增强传热特性的流体将导致电池输出的进一步提高。在本文中，通过应用计算流体动力学 (CFD) 对具有改进的热物理特性的混合纳米流体的利用进行了数值研究。结果表明，通过使用低浓度混合纳米流体代替水，可以实现更高的效率和电输出。² .