Low-temperature preheating to achieve effective thermal management for lithium-ion batteries is a crucial enabler for the efficient and safe operation of electric vehicles in cold conditions. Effective heating is yet challenging due to its implementation complexity and a tricky balance of the heating performance. Here, we develop a lightweight compound self-heating system involving two external light aluminum heaters, which recycle the discharge energy contributing to external heating. Basic electrical and thermal modeling for the compound self-heating system is performed and experimentally validated. We adopt four key but conflicting heating metrics: heating time, heating efficiency, battery degradation, and temperature uniformity, to optimize the resistance of external heaters with the adaptive particle swarm optimization method. We thus propose a rapid compound self-heating strategy that can conveniently warm the battery up with 32.49 °C·min⁻¹. Experimental results under different states-of-charge and temperatures confirm the good adaptability of the proposed heating strategy. Comparison experiments with the unheated battery demonstrate the proposed heating strategy improves discharge power, charge power, and discharge energy by over 7.4 times, 19.0 times, and 109.9%, respectively. With the optimal external aluminum heaters, battery available discharge energy is enhanced by above 70.4%, implying a huge step forward to boost battery performance.

实现锂离子电池有效热管理的低温预热是电动汽车在寒冷条件下高效安全运行的关键因素。由于其实施的复杂性和加热性能的棘手平衡，有效加热仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们开发了一种轻型复合自加热系统，涉及两个外部轻质铝加热器，可回收有助于外部加热的放电能量。对复合自加热系统进行了基本的电气和热建模，并进行了实验验证。我们采用四个关键但相互矛盾的加热指标：加热时间、加热效率、电池退化和温度均匀性，通过自适应粒子群优化方法优化外部加热器的电阻。^-1。不同充电状态和温度下的实验结果证实了所提出的加热策略的良好适应性。与未加热电池的对比实验表明，所提出的加热策略将放电功率、充电功率和放电能量分别提高了 7.4 倍、19.0 倍和 109.9% 以上。借助最佳的外部铝加热器，电池可用放电能量提高了 70.4% 以上，这意味着在提高电池性能方面迈出了一大步。