Investigating the links between management practices and economic performances of smallholders' oil palm plots. A case study in Jambi province, Indonesia,Agricultural Systems

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Investigating the links between management practices and economic performances of smallholders' oil palm plots. A case study in Jambi province, Indonesia
Agricultural Systems ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103274
Romane Mettauer _{1,

2} , Victor Baron _{1,

2} , Turinah _{3,

4} , Puspita Demitria ₅ , Hans Smit ₅ , Zulkifli Alamsyah ₄ , Eric Penot _{6,

7} , Cécile Bessou _{1,

2} , Bénédicte Chambon _{1,

2} , Jean Ollivier _{1,

2} , Alexis Thoumazeau _{1,

2}

Affiliation

CONTEXT

Oil palm is widely cultivated in Indonesia and it is produced by various populations of smallholders. Among those, ex-plasma smallholders are characterized by the fact that they only start to manage their own plantations 5 to 10 years after those were initially planted and managed by a partner industrial company. Despite the large areas that are cultivated by ex-plasma smallholders, their diversity of practices and economic performances are poorly quantified.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims at investigating which smallholder farming systems optimize profitability at the plot scale.

METHOD

We defined two typologies, one based on agricultural practices and the other based on economic performance, using multivariate statistical analysis. The typologies were crossed to understand the links between agricultural practices and economic performance at the plot level.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that despite initial plot homogeneity during planting phase, ex-plasma smallholders can develop very diversified management practices. A gradient of intensification was observed from farmers implementing no fertilization or weeding management up to farmers following agroindustrial-like management. Economic performances at the plot level was found to be variable, with gross margins ranging from 1.1 to 26.9 M IDR.ha⁻¹.yr⁻¹ (eq. 66.4 to 1625.5€). We showed that the most intensive practices led to highest yields although these were not linked to the optimal economic plot performances. A trade-off based on input costs was revealed, as high fertilization practices did not seem economically optimal for smallholders.

SIGNIFICANCE

The present study highlights the need to combine quantified agronomic assessments with economic analysis, to properly design recommendations to farmers.

中文翻译：

调查小农油棕地块的管理实践与经济绩效之间的联系。印度尼西亚占碑省的案例研究

语境

油棕在印度尼西亚广泛种植，由各种小农户生产。其中，ex-plasma 小农的特点是，他们在最初由合作伙伴工业公司种植和管理的种植园 5 到 10 年后才开始管理自己的种植园。尽管前血浆小农种植了大面积的土地，但他们的实践和经济表现的多样性很难量化。

客观的

本研究旨在调查哪些小农农业系统在地块规模上优化了盈利能力。

方法

我们使用多元统计分析定义了两种类型，一种基于农业实践，另一种基于经济表现。交叉类型以了解农业实践与地块层面的经济绩效之间的联系。

结果和结论

我们的结果表明，尽管在种植阶段初始地块是同质的，但非等离子小农可以发展非常多样化的管理实践。观察到从不施肥或除草管理的农民到采用农工业式管理的农民的集约化梯度。发现地块层面的经济表现是可变的，毛利率范围为 1.1 至 26.9 M IDR.ha ^-1 .yr ^-1（相当于 66.4 至 1625.5 欧元）。我们表明，最密集的做法导致最高的产量，尽管这些与最佳的经济地块表现无关。揭示了基于投入成本的权衡，因为对小农来说，高施肥做法在经济上似乎不是最佳选择。