Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing energy sources due to its cleanness, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. In the past, wind turbine design studies focused primarily on a sub-system or single-discipline design and analysis, including control, structural, aerodynamic, and electro-mechanical studies, for example. More recent studies formulated wind turbine design problems using multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) strategies, with either static or dynamic system models, providing the potential for identifying system-level optimal designs. On the other hand, efforts have also been made to increase the reliability and robustness of wind turbines by accounting for various sources of uncertainty explicitly in the design process. In the presented study, the MDO formulation of wind turbine design problem has been extended to include both control system co-design and reliability considerations in an integrated manner. As a result, the optimal wind turbine design that has an optimal control solution and is robust to uncertainties can be obtained at an early design stage, which would benefit the controller design and maintenance design at latter phases. In this paper, the design of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) supported by a tubular tower is considered and formulated as a multi-objective control co-design problem with design parameter uncertainties and stochastic wind load. A physics-based multidisciplinary dynamic model of tubular-tower-supported pitch-controlled HAWT that captures the main design conflicts under extreme wind is provided and implemented, along with the necessary modifications to make nested control co-design comply with modern reliability-based design optimization structures, forming a new class of reliability-based co-design (RBCD) problems. In particular, we provide detailed discussions about RBCD problem formulations and implementation strategies, and with the HAWT design problem, we demonstrate the results and computational costs with integrated double-loop, single-loop, as well as decoupled methods.

风能因其清洁、可持续性和成本效益而成为增长最快的能源之一。过去，风力涡轮机设计研究主要集中在子系统或单学科设计和分析上，例如，包括控制、结构、空气动力学和机电研究。最近的研究使用多学科设计优化 (MDO) 策略制定了风力涡轮机设计问题，使用静态或动态系统模型，为识别系统级优化设计提供了潜力。另一方面，还努力通过在设计过程中明确考虑各种不确定性来源来提高风力涡轮机的可靠性和稳健性。在所提出的研究中，风力涡轮机设计问题的 MDO 公式已扩展到以集成方式包括控制系统协同设计和可靠性考虑。因此，可以在早期设计阶段获得具有最优控制解决方案并且对不确定性具有鲁棒性的最优风力发电机设计，这将有利于后期的控制器设计和维护设计。在本文中，由管状塔架支撑的水平轴风力涡轮机 (HAWT) 的设计被考虑并表述为具有设计参数不确定性和随机风载荷的多目标控制协同设计问题。提供并实施了基于物理的管塔支撑变桨 HAWT 多学科动力学模型，该模型可捕获极端风下的主要设计冲突，以及使嵌套控制协同设计符合现代基于可靠性的设计优化结构的必要修改，形成了一类新的基于可靠性的协同设计（RBCD）问题。特别是，我们提供了关于 RBCD 问题公式和实现策略的详细讨论，并针对 HAWT 设计问题，我们展示了集成双循环、单循环和解耦方法的结果和计算成本。