This manuscript was compiled on October 5, 2021 Although most binaural organisms localize sound sources using neurological structures to amplify the sounds they hear, some animals use mechanically coupled hearing organs instead. One of these animals, the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea, has astoundingly accurate sound localization abilities and can locate objects in the azimuthal plane with a precision of 2°, equal to that of humans. This is accomplished despite an intertympanal distance of only 0.5 mm, which is less than 1/100th of the wavelength of the sound emitted by the crickets that it parasitizes. In 1995, Miles et al. developed a model of hearing mechanics in O. ochracea, which works well for incoming sound angles of less than ±30°, but suffers from reduced accuracy (up to 60% error) at higher angles. Even with this limitation, it has served as the basis for multiple bio-inspired microphone designs for decades. Here, we present critical improvements to the classic O. ochracea hearing model based on information from 3D reconstructions of O. ochracea’s tympana. The 3D images reveal that the tympanal organ has curved lateral faces in addition to the flat front-facing prosternal membranes represented in the Miles model. To mimic these faces, we incorporated spatially-varying spring and damper coefficients that respond asymmetrically to incident sound waves, making a new quasi-two-dimensional (q2D) model. The q2D model has high accuracy (average errors of less than 10%) for the entire range of incoming sound angles. This improved biomechanical hearing model can inform the development of new technologies and may help to play a key role in developing improved hearing aids.

中文翻译：

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寄生蝇 Ormia ochracea 定向听力的生物学准确模型

本手稿于 2021 年 10 月 5 日编译，尽管大多数双耳生物使用神经结构来定位声源以放大它们听到的声音，但有些动物却使用机械耦合的听觉器官。其中一种动物，寄生蝇Ormia ochracea，具有惊人准确的声音定位能力，能够以 2° 的精度定位方位平面中的物体，与人类的精度相当。尽管鼓室间距离只有 0.5 毫米，这还是实现了，这小于它寄生的蟋蟀发出的声音波长的 1/100。1995 年，迈尔斯等人。在 O. ochracea 中开发了听力力学模型，这对于小于 ±30° 的传入声角效果很好，但在更高的角度会降低精度（高达 60% 的误差）。即使有这个限制，几十年来，它一直是多种仿生麦克风设计的基础。在这里，我们根据O. ochracea 的3D 重建信息，对经典O. ochracea听力模型进行了重大改进。鼓室。3D 图像显示，除了 Miles 模型中呈现的平坦正面的前胸膜外，鼓膜器官还具有弯曲的侧面。为了模拟这些面，我们结合了空间变化的弹簧和阻尼系数，这些系数对入射声波的响应不对称，从而构建了一个新的准二维 (q2D) 模型。q2D 模型在传入声角的整个范围内都具有很高的准确性（平均误差小于 10%）。这种改进的生物力学听力模型可以为新技术的发展提供信息，并可能有助于在开发改进的助听器方面发挥关键作用。