This study analyses the role of gender and educational attainment in the extent and perceived consequences of family caregiving in middle age in Sweden, using data on persons aged 45–66 years from a nationally representative postal survey (n = 3630) conducted in 2013. The results confirm previous research regarding the role of gender and contradict it regarding the role of class. Among female caregivers, higher education is associated with lower well-being, work performance and labour force participation relative to lower educated caregivers. When controlling for care intensity and other characteristics, these associations mostly remained. No significant associations were found among men. The results are discussed in the light of deteriorating working conditions in welfare service occupations in which many higher educated women work, and how service decline and increased fragmentation of eldercare increase the need for managerial caregiving (i.e., coordinating and handling contacts with authorities and care providers). For Swedish women, managerial caregiving increases risks of negative impacts on well-being and work performance to the same extent as providing personal care. More research is needed to understand these surprising results. Tentative conclusions are that higher educated women experience more strain from combining paid work with family care, as their caregiving is more demanding and they more frequently work full-time in high strain jobs. As they also have higher incomes, they both need and can afford to decrease their work hours to a greater extent.

中文翻译：

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瑞典女性在照顾福利和有偿工作方面的社会经济模式逆转

本研究使用来自全国代表性邮政调查的 45-66 岁人群的数据，分析性别和教育程度在瑞典中年家庭照料的程度和感知后果中的作用（n = 3630) 于 2013 年进行。结果证实了先前关于性别角色的研究，并与阶级角色相矛盾。在女性看护者中，与受教育程度较低的看护者相比，高等教育与较低的幸福感、工作表现和劳动力参与有关。在控制护理强度和其他特征时，这些关联大多仍然存在。在男性中没有发现显着的关联。鉴于许多受过高等教育的女性从事的福利服务职业的工作条件恶化，以及服务下降和老年护理的日益分散如何增加对管理性护理的需求（即协调和处理与当局和护理提供者的联系），对结果进行了讨论）。对于瑞典女性来说，与提供个人护理一样，管理性护理增加了对福祉和工作绩效产生负面影响的风险。需要更多的研究来理解这些令人惊讶的结果。初步结论是，受过高等教育的女性在将有偿工作与家庭护理相结合时会承受更大的压力，因为她们的护理要求更高，而且她们更频繁地从事高压力工作的全职工作。由于他们的收入也较高，他们都需要并且有能力在更大程度上减少工作时间。因为他们的护理要求更高，而且他们更频繁地全职从事高压力的工作。由于他们的收入也较高，他们都需要并且有能力在更大程度上减少工作时间。因为他们的护理要求更高，而且他们更频繁地全职从事高压力的工作。由于他们的收入也较高，他们都需要并且有能力在更大程度上减少工作时间。