Porous and heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures were investigated to address the low specific capacity and poor rate capability of the graphite anode. For successful application to commercial lithium-ion batteries, the electrochemical performances of the porous and heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures should be evaluated in the full-cell operating voltage window. Herein, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-derived carbon nanospheres with various morphological and atomic structures were prepared by electrospraying and controlled thermal-treatment processes conducted under various thermal oxidation termination temperatures. The carbonaceous microstructures, chemical compositions, and pore structures of the PVP-derived carbon nanospheres were thoroughly examined, while their cycling and rate performances were investigated in the voltage range of 0.01–1.5 V (the normal anode operating range of the full-cell). We identified the ideal carbonaceous anode material conditions, i.e., high carbon and nitrogen content with low oxygen content for high and reversible capacity and rate performances, and small particle size with low surface area and porosity for long life. Our work demonstrates that optimizing porosity and heteroatom composition is crucial for developing commercially viable carbonaceous anode materials.

研究了多孔和杂原子掺杂的碳纳米结构，以解决石墨阳极的低比容量和差的倍率性能。为了成功应用于商业锂离子电池，多孔和杂原子掺杂碳纳米结构的电化学性能应在全电池工作电压窗口中进行评估。在此，通过电喷雾和在各种热氧化终止温度下进行的受控热处理工艺制备了具有各种形态和原子结构的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）衍生的碳纳米球。对 PVP 衍生的碳纳米球的碳质微结构、化学成分和孔结构进行了彻底检查，同时在 0.01-1 的电压范围内研究了它们的循环和倍率性能。5 V（全电池的正常阳极工作范围）。我们确定了理想的碳质负极材料条件，即，碳和氮含量高，氧含量低，具有高和可逆的容量和倍率性能，粒径小，表面积和孔隙率低，使用寿命长。我们的工作表明，优化孔隙率和杂原子组成对于开发商业上可行的碳质负极材料至关重要。