Advances in our understanding of brain function, along with the development of neural interfaces that allow for the monitoring and activation of neurons, have paved the way for brain machine interfaces (BMI), which harness neural signals to reanimate the limbs via electrical activation of the muscles, or to control extra-corporeal devices, thereby bypassing the muscles and senses altogether. BMIs consist of reading out motor intent from the neuronal responses monitored in motor regions of the brain and executing intended movements using bionic limbs, reanimated limbs, or exoskeletons. BMIs also allow for the restoration of the sense of touch by electrically activating neurons in somatosensory regions of the brain, thereby evoking vivid tactile sensations and conveying feedback about object interactions. In this review, we discuss the neural mechanisms of motor control and somatosensation in able-bodied individuals and describe approaches to use neuronal responses as control signals for movement restoration and to activate residual sensory pathways to restore touch. While the focus of the review is on intracortical approaches, we also describe alternative signal sources for control and non-invasive strategies for sensory restoration.

中文翻译：

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敏感脑控仿生手背后的科学与工程


我们对大脑功能理解的进步，以及允许监控和激活神经元的神经接口的发展，为脑机接口 (BMI) 铺平了道路，脑机接口利用神经信号，通过电激活肢体来使四肢恢复活力。肌肉，或控制体外设备，从而完全绕过肌肉和感官。 BMI 包括从大脑运动区域监测的神经元反应中读出运动意图，并使用仿生肢体、复活肢体或外骨骼执行预期的运动。脑机接口还可以通过电激活大脑体感区域的神经元来恢复触觉，从而唤起生动的触觉并传达有关物体交互的反馈。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了健全个体运动控制和躯体感觉的神经机制，并描述了使用神经元反应作为运动恢复控制信号和激活残余感觉通路以恢复触觉的方法。虽然综述的重点是皮质内方法，但我们还描述了用于控制的替代信号源和用于感觉恢复的非侵入性策略。