Cu/Alginate (Alg.)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels were synthesized by a dissipative convective process followed by freeze drying method with and without silica, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO). The as-synthesized hydrogels were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy techniques, and powder X-ray diffraction. The mechanical and rheological properties of the hydrogels were also studied. The composite gels were used for the conversion of ortho-nitroaniline (o-NA) to 1,2-benzenediamine in presence of NaBH₄. Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO composite gel reduced o-NA to 1,2-benzenediamine just in 1.5 min with rate constant 0.50 min⁻¹. The energy of activation (ΔE_a), enthalpy change (ΔH^≠), entropy change (ΔS^≠), and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG^≠) of composite Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO attributed that the reduction of o-NA to 1,2 benzene diamine is slow process and controlled on the surface of the catalyst Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO. Thermodynamic studies confirmed that the rate of reaction increased at higher temperature. Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO/GPE showed good sensor activity against oxytocin and determined 0.230 ng/mL of oxytocin in presence of phosphate buffer.

Cu/海藻酸盐（Alg.）/羧甲基纤维素（CMC）水凝胶是通过耗散对流过程合成的，然后是冷冻干燥法，使用和不使用二氧化硅、二氧化钛纳米颗粒和还原氧化石墨烯（r-GO）。合成的水凝胶通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜技术和粉末 X 射线衍射进行表征。还研究了水凝胶的机械和流变特性。该复合凝胶用于在 NaBH ₄存在下将邻硝基苯胺 (o-NA) 转化为 1,2-苯二胺。Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO 复合凝胶仅在 1.5 分钟内将 o-NA 还原为 1,2-苯二胺，速率常数为 0.50 min ^-1。活化能 (Δ E _a）、焓变（Δ H ^≠）、熵变（Δ S ^≠）和吉布斯自由能变化（Δ G ^≠）的复合材料 Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO 归因于 o- NA 到 1,2 苯二胺是缓慢的过程并控制在催化剂 Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO 的表面上。热力学研究证实，反应速率在较高温度下增加。Cu/Alg./CMC/Dex./r-GO/GPE 对催产素显示出良好的传感器活性，并在磷酸盐缓冲液的存在下测定了 0.230 ng/mL 的催产素。