Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) has become a successful cancer treatment approach in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) with monoclonal antibodies have been known as successful examples of cancer immunotherapy in recent years. Although ICBT has been shown to be beneficial in cancers, such benefits have only been seen in a portion of cancer patients. In this regard, enhancing the therapeutic effects of inhibiting PD-1 and PD-L1 and reducing the side effects of this approach can be considered as a potential approach in a successful ICBT. In this review, we have highlighted new viewpoints regarding improving the therapeutic effect of PD-1 and PD-L1 blockades in cancer therapy. Besides, their expression levels as a biomarker with prognostic value, their role in intestinal microbiota modulation, combination therapy, and immune-related side effects (irAEs) have been discussed.

中文翻译：

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PD-1/PD-L1 阻断：癌症和自身免疫的免疫治疗前景

免疫检查点阻断疗法（ICBT）已成为癌症免疫治疗领域成功的癌症治疗方法。近年来，用单克隆抗体阻断程序性死亡1（PD-1）和程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）被认为是癌症免疫治疗的成功例子。尽管 ICBT 已被证明对癌症有益，但这种益处仅在一部分癌症患者中看到。在这方面，增强抑制 PD-1 和 PD-L1 的治疗效果并减少这种方法的副作用可以被认为是成功 ICBT 的潜在方法。在这篇综述中，我们强调了关于提高 PD-1 和 PD-L1 阻断剂在癌症治疗中的治疗效果的新观点。此外，它们的表达水平作为具有预后价值的生物标志物，