Introduction and aim: Air pollution, a major environmental threat to human health, contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people worldwide. Cooking with solid fuels, such as charcoal and wood, in low- and middle-income countries generates very high emissions of particulate matter within and near the household as a result of their inefficient combustion. Women are especially exposed, as they often perform the cooking. The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of disease attributable to household air pollution exposure from cooking among women in Adama, Ethiopia. Methods: AirQ+ software (WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used to assess the health impact of household air pollution by estimating the burden of disease (BoD) including Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), lung cancer, and stroke, among a cohort of women in Adama. Household air pollution exposure estimated by cooking fuel type was assessed through questionnaires. Results: Three-quarters (75%) of Adama’s population used solid fuel for cooking; with this, the household air pollution attributable mortality was estimated to be 50% (95% CI: 38–58%) due to ALRI, 50% (95% CI: 35–61%) due to COPD, 50% (95% CI: 27–58%) due to lung cancer, (95% CI: 23–48%) due to IHD, and (95% CI: 23–51%) due to stroke. The corresponding disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 women ranged between 6000 and 9000 per disease. Conclusions: This health impact assessment illustrates that household air pollution due to solid fuel use among women in Adama leads to premature death and a substantial quantity of DALYs. Therefore, decreasing or eliminating solid fuel use for cooking purposes could prevent deaths and improve quality of life.

中文翻译：

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埃塞俄比亚阿达玛妇女的室内空气污染暴露以及危险因素造成的疾病负担评估

简介和目标：空气污染是对人类健康的主要环境威胁，导致全世界数百万人过早死亡。在低收入和中等收入国家，使用木炭和木材等固体燃料烹饪时，由于燃烧效率低下，会在家庭内部和附近产生大量颗粒物排放。女性尤其容易受到影响，因为她们经常做饭。本研究的目的是评估埃塞俄比亚阿达玛妇女因烹饪而暴露在家庭空气污染中所造成的疾病负担。方法：使用 AirQ+ 软件（世界卫生组织欧洲区域办事处，丹麦哥本哈根）通过估计疾病负担 (BoD) 来评估家庭空气污染对健康的影响，包括急性下呼吸道感染 (ALRI)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) ）、缺血性心脏病 (IHD)、肺癌和中风，这些都是阿达玛的一组女性的症状。通过问卷调查评估了按烹饪燃料类型估算的家庭空气污染暴露量。结果：阿达玛四分之三 (75%) 的人口使用固体燃料做饭；据此，家庭空气污染归因死亡率估计为 50%（95% CI：38-58%）归因于 ALRI，50%（95% CI：35-61%）归因于 COPD，50%（95% CI：35-61%）归因于 COPD CI：27-58%）由于肺癌，（95% CI：23-48%）由于 IHD，（95% CI：23-51%）由于中风。每 100,000 名女性每种疾病对应的伤残调整生命年 (DALY) 介于 6000 到 9000 之间。结论：这项健康影响评估表明，阿达玛妇女因使用固体燃料而造成的家庭空气污染导致过早死亡和大量伤残调整生命年。因此，减少或消除用于烹饪目的的固体燃料的使用可以防止死亡并提高生活质量。