The present work applied a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to assess changes in the technical efficiency of timber production at a period of transition in forest management priorities. The study material consisted of data on timber sold by Polish State Forests (PSF) and on its forest management inputs in the years 1990–2019. During the period of economic transition in Poland (1990–2003) the technical efficiency of timber production on average amounted to 0.809 and was highly variable. In the free-market period, that efficiency was much higher (on average 0.939) and more stable. This improvement was achieved by substantial layoffs in the PSF, and steady rise in the share and standing volume of mature stands, which made it possible to increase timber production while adhering to sustainable management principles. Analysis of the various categories of inputs to timber production revealed that the greatest decline, in labor costs, was attributable to a fourfold reduction in the workforce, and was accompanied by a 2.4-fold increment in timber production. On the other hand, logging costs increased due to, among other causes, the pursuit of environmentally friendly but more expensive harvesting procedures and reductions in clearcutting, which entailed more dispersed harvesting operations.

中文翻译：

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评估从以生产为导向的管理模式向多功能模式转变过程中木材生产的技术效率：以波兰 1990-2019 为例

目前的工作应用了数据包络分析 (DEA) 模型来评估在森林管理重点过渡时期木材生产技术效率的变化。研究材料包括波​​兰国家森林局 (PSF) 出售的木材数据及其 1990-2019 年的森林管理投入数据。在波兰的经济转型时期（1990-2003 年），木材生产的技术效率平均为 0.809，并且变化很大。在自由市场时期，这种效率要高得多（平均为 0.939）且更稳定。这种改善是通过 PSF 的大量裁员以及成熟林分的份额和站立量的稳步上升来实现的，这使得在坚持可持续管理原则的同时增加木材产量成为可能。对木材生产各类投入的分析表明，劳动力成本下降幅度最大的原因是劳动力减少了四倍，同时木材产量增加了 2.4 倍。另一方面，伐木成本增加的原因之一是追求环保但成本更高的采伐程序以及减少砍伐，这需要更加分散的采伐作业。