The present study aimed to assess the correlation between ambient air pollutants and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)-induced pneumonia in children and retrospectively reviewed the daily data regarding S. pneumoniae from children with pneumonia in a tertiary hospital of Hangzhou City, between January 1st, 2018, and December 31st, 2018. The excess risk (ER) of NO₂ with regard to the daily number of S. pneumoniae isolates obtained from the respiratory tract specimens of children with pneumonia was 13.31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.12–24.51%, P = 0.010) in the single-pollutant model. An increase of 10 μg/m³ in NO₂ exposure was associated with a 23.30% increased risk for the acquisition of S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia in children (95% CI: 2.02–49.02%; P = 0.031) according to the multi-pollutant model. The ER of NO₂ with regard to the daily number of S. pneumoniae isolates (1 μg/ml ≤ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to penicillin ≤ 2 μg/ml) obtained from the respiratory tract specimens of children with pneumonia was 15.80% (95% CI: 2.02–31.45%; P = 0.024) in the single-pollutant model. According to the multi-pollutant model, the ER of NO₂ with regard to the daily number of S. pneumoniae isolates (1 μg/ml ≤ MIC to penicillin ≤ 2 μg/ml) obtained from the respiratory tract specimens of children with pneumonia was 37.09% (95% CI: 5.70–77.81%; P = 0.018). In conclusion, ambient NO₂ is associated with S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia in children. More importantly, NO₂ exposure is associated with the increased MICs of penicillin against S. pneumoniae from children with pneumonia.

本研究旨在评估环境空气污染物与肺炎链球菌( S. pneumoniae ) 引起的儿童肺炎的相关性，并回顾性回顾了1 月 1 日期间杭州市一家三级医院肺炎患儿的肺炎链球菌每日数据。，2018 年和 2018 年 12 月 31 日。关于从肺炎儿童呼吸道标本中获得的肺炎链球菌每日分离株数，NO ₂的超额风险 (ER)为 13.31%（95% 置信区间 [CI] : 3.12–24.51%, P  = 0.010) 在单一污染物模型中。NO ₂增加 10 μg/m ³ 根据多污染物模型，暴露与儿童感染肺炎链球菌引起的肺炎的风险增加 23.30% 相关（95% CI：2.02-49.02%；P = 0.031）。从肺炎患儿呼吸道标本中获得的肺炎链球菌每日分离株数（1μg/ml≤青霉素≤2μg/ml的最低抑菌浓度（MIC））的NO ₂ ER为15.80%（ 95% CI：2.02–31.45%；P  = 0.024）在单一污染物模型中。根据多污染物模型，NO ₂对肺炎链球菌每日数量的 ER从肺炎患儿呼吸道标本中获得的分离菌（1 μg/ml ≤ MIC 至青霉素 ≤ 2 μg/ml）为 37.09%（95% CI：5.70-77.81%；P  = 0.018）。总之，环境 NO ₂与肺炎链球菌引起的儿童肺炎有关。更重要的是，NO ₂暴露与青霉素对肺炎儿童肺炎链球菌的MIC 增加有关。