Extant research has identified both objective measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and subjective social class (SSC) as important predictors of psychosocial outcomes in childhood and adolescence, particularly with regard to externalizing symptoms. Given the importance of the associations with SES and SSC, a more nuanced and integrated conceptual understanding of early pathways of vulnerability implicated in the development and maintenance of youth externalizing problems is warranted. Thus, this review will: (1) operationalize both SES and SSC and their current standards of measurement; (2) examine current literature describing their respective associations with a range of externalizing symptoms in both children and adolescents; (3) review current theoretical models connecting SES and SSC and youth development and the strengths and limitations of those approaches; (4) propose a new conceptual socioecological model situating the impact of SES and SSC on youth externalizing problems in the context of parents and peers as a framework to further integrate existing research and guide future work; and (5) discuss potential clinical implications at the intersection of this work.

现有的研究已将社会经济地位 (SES) 和主观社会阶层 (SSC) 的客观衡量标准确定为儿童和青春期心理社会结果的重要预测因素，特别是在外化症状方面。鉴于与 SES 和 SSC 关联的重要性，有必要对涉及青年外化问题的发展和维持的早期脆弱性途径进行更细致和综合的概念理解。因此，本次审查将： (1) 实施 SES 和 SSC 及其当前的衡量标准；(2) 检查当前文献，这些文献描述了它们各自与儿童和青少年的一系列外化症状的关联；(3) 回顾当前将 SES 和 SSC 与青年发展联系起来的理论模型以及这些方法的优势和局限性；(4) 提出一种新的社会生态学概念模型，将 SES 和 SSC 对父母和同龄人背景下青少年外化问题的影响作为进一步整合现有研究和指导未来工作的框架；(5) 在这项工作的交叉点讨论潜在的临床意义。