Plants have a variety of defense mechanisms that are often induced following attacks by herbivores; this benefits those plants by decreasing performance or preference of herbivores that attack the plants later. We investigated the effects of previous exposure of plants to the safflower aphid, Uroleucon carthami, cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and mechanical wounding on subsequent safflower aphid infestations using commercial safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars and wild safflower species (C. oxyacantha). The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with two treatments: previously induced plants via direct herbivory or mechanical wounding, and control plants that had never experienced herbivory. To test the performance of safflower aphid on different plant treatments, five unwinged aphids were placed on each plant and allowed to reproduce for 14 days. Finally, the total numbers of aphids on each plant were counted and the percentage of produced winged individuals was calculated. The number of aphids on plants that were previously infested or injured was significantly lower than in control plants. Percentage of winged aphids was significantly higher on induced plants, which is an indicator for unsuitable conditions. Also, significant increase in total phenolic content and hydrogen peroxide was observed in induced plants, showing that the levels of these compounds were either treatment, cultivar and/or genotype × treatment dependent, highlighting the specificity of these interactions. Overall, among the safflower cultivars the lowest number of aphids and the highest percentage of winged aphid individuals were observed on Mahali-Isfahan cultivar and wild safflower, showing that this cultivar is more sensitive to herbivory and/or responds to it more than other cultivars. These findings could contribute to a better utilization of induced defense in the integrated pest management of safflower fields.

中文翻译：

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以前的草食性调节非模型植物红花（菊科）中的蚜虫种群生长和植物防御反应


植物具有多种防御机制，通常在受到食草动物攻击后被诱导。这通过降低稍后攻击植物的食草动物的表现或偏好来使这些植物受益。我们研究了植物先前接触红花蚜虫的影响，红花尿白素, 棉铃虫,棉铃虫，以及使用商业红花对随后的红花蚜虫侵扰进行机械伤害（红花）栽培品种和野生红花品种（氧化棘 C. oxyacantha ）。实验在温室中进行，采用两种处理方式：之前通过直接食草或机械伤害诱导植物，以及从未经历过食草的对照植物。为了测试红花蚜虫在不同植物处理上的表现，将五只无翅蚜虫置于每株植物上并繁殖 14 天。最后，统计每株植株上的蚜虫总数，并计算产生有翅个体的百分比。先前被感染或受伤的植物上的蚜虫数量显着低于对照植物。诱导植物上有翅蚜虫的百分比明显较高，这是不适宜条件的一个指标。此外，在诱导植物中观察到总酚含量和过氧化氢显着增加，表明这些化合物的水平与处理、品种和/或基因型×处理相关，突出了这些相互作用的特异性。 总体而言，在红花品种中，在 Mahali-Isfahan 品种和野生红花上观察到蚜虫数量最少，有翅蚜虫个体比例最高，表明该品种比其他品种对草食性更敏感和/或对此反应更强。这些发现可能有助于在红花田害虫综合防治中更好地利用诱导防御。