The complex and heterogenous nature of cancer contributes to the development of cancer cell drug resistance. The construction of the cancer microenvironment, including the cell–cell interactions and extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a significant role in the development of drug resistance. Traditional animal models used in drug discovery studies have been associated with feasibility issues that limit the recapitulation of human functions; thus, in vitro models have been developed to reconstruct the human cancer system. However, conventional two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models are limited in their ability to emulate complex cancer microenvironments. Advances in technologies, including bioprinting and cancer microenvironment reconstruction, have demonstrated the potential to overcome some of the limitations of conventional models. This study reviews some representative bioprinted in vitro models used in cancer research, particularly fabrication strategies for modeling and consideration of essential factors needed for the reconstruction of the cancer microenvironment. In addition, we highlight recent studies that applied such models, including application in precision medicine using advanced bioprinting technologies to fabricate biomimetic cancer models. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges in 3D bioprinting and suggest possible strategies to construct in vitro models that better mimic the pathophysiology of the cancer microenvironment for application in clinical settings.

中文翻译：

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利用生物打印技术进行精准医学再现癌症微环境

癌症的复杂性和异质性导致癌细胞耐药性的发展。癌症微环境的构建，包括细胞间相互作用和细胞外基质（ECM），在耐药性的发展中发挥着重要作用。药物发现研究中使用的传统动物模型存在可行性问题，限制了人类功能的重现；因此，已经开发出体外模型来重建人类癌症系统。然而，传统的二维和三维 (3D) 体外癌症模型模拟复杂癌症微环境的能力有限。生物打印和癌症微环境重建等技术的进步已经证明了克服传统模型的一些局限性的潜力。本研究回顾了癌症研究中使用的一些具有代表性的生物打印体外模型，特别是建模的制造策略以及重建癌症微环境所需的基本因素的考虑。此外，我们还重点介绍了应用此类模型的最新研究，包括使用先进的生物打印技术来制造仿生癌症模型的精准医学应用。此外，我们讨论了 3D 生物打印当前面临的挑战，并提出了构建体外模型的可能策略，以更好地模拟癌症微环境的病理生理学，以便在临床环境中应用。