Diesel engine emissions contribute nearly 30% of greenhouse effects and diverse health and environmental problems. Amidst these problems, it is estimated that there will be a 75% increase in energy demand for transportation by 2040, of which diesel fuel constitutes a major source of energy for transportation. Being a major source of air pollution, efforts are currently being made to curb the pollution spread. The use of water-in-diesel (W/D)-emulsified fuels comes as a readily available (and cost-effective) option with other benefits including engine thermal efficiency, reduced costs, and NOx reduction; nonetheless, the inherent effects—power loss, component wear, corrosion, etc. still pose strong concerns. This study investigates the behavior and damage severity of a common rail (CR) diesel fuel injection system using exploratory and statistical methods under different W/D emulsion conditions and engine speeds. Results reveal that the effect of W/D emulsion fuels on engine operating conditions are reflected in the CR, which provides a reliable avenue for condition monitoring. Also, the effect of W/D emulsion on injection system components-piston, nozzle needle, and ball seat–are presented alongside related discussions.

中文翻译：

---

使用乳化柴油的柴油机喷射系统水致损伤严重程度的研究

柴油发动机排放占温室效应和各种健康和环境问题的近 30%。在这些问题中，预计到2040年，交通运输能源需求将增长75%，其中柴油是交通运输能源的主要来源。作为空气污染的主要来源，目前正在努力遏制污染蔓延。使用柴油包水 (W/D) 乳化燃料是一种现成（且具有成本效益）的选择，具有其他好处，包括发动机热效率、降低成本和减少 NOx；尽管如此，固有的影响——功率损失、部件磨损、腐蚀等仍然引起强烈关注。本研究使用探索性和统计方法研究了共轨 (CR) 柴油燃料喷射系统在不同 W/D 乳液条件和发动机转速下的行为和损坏严重程度。结果表明，W/D 乳化燃料对发动机工况的影响反映在 CR 中，这为状态监测提供了可靠的途径。此外，W/D 乳液对喷射系统组件（活塞、喷嘴针和球座）的影响与相关讨论一起进行了介绍。