Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, malignant, and therapeutically challenging Grade IV tumor of the brain. Although the possibility of distant metastasis is extremely rare, GBM is known to cause intracranial metastasis forming aggressive secondary lesions resulting in a dismal prognosis. Metastasis also plays an important role in tumor dissemination and recurrence making GBM largely incurable. Recent studies have indicated the importance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in GBM metastasis. lncRNAs are a class of regulatory noncoding RNAs (>200 nt) that interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins to regulate various biological processes. This is the first comprehensive review summarizing the lncRNAs associated with GBM metastasis and the underlying molecular mechanism involved in migration/invasion. We also highlight the complex network of lncRNA/miRNA/protein that collaborate/compete to regulate metastasis-associated genes. Many of these lncRNAs also show attractive potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. Finally, we discuss various therapeutic strategies and potential applications of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets for the treatment of GBM.

中文翻译：

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胶质母细胞瘤中与转移相关的长非编码 RNA：生物标志物和治疗靶点

胶质母细胞瘤 (GBM) 是最具侵袭性、恶性和治疗挑战性的脑部 IV 级肿瘤。尽管远处转移的可能性极为罕见，但已知 GBM 会引起颅内转移，形成侵袭性继发性病变，导致预后不佳。转移在肿瘤传播和复发中也起着重要作用，这使得 GBM 在很大程度上无法治愈。最近的研究表明长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 在 GBM 转移中的重要性。lncRNA 是一类调节性非编码 RNA (>200 nt)，可与 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质相互作用以调节各种生物过程。这是第一次全面综述与 GBM 转移相关的 lncRNA 以及涉及迁移/侵袭的潜在分子机制。我们还强调了协作/竞争以调节转移相关基因的 lncRNA/miRNA/蛋白质的复杂网络。许多这些 lncRNA 也显示出作为诊断/预后生物标志物的有吸引力的潜力。最后，我们讨论了 lncRNA 作为治疗 GBM 的治疗靶点的各种治疗策略和潜在应用。