Prior experience changes the way we learn about our environment. Stress predisposes individuals to developing psychological disorders, just as positive experiences protect from this eventuality (Kirkpatrick & Heller, 2014; Koenigs & Grafman, 2009; Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011). Yet current models of how the brain processes information often do not consider a role for prior experience. The considerable literature that examines how stress impacts the brain is an exception to this. This research demonstrates that stress can bias the interpretation of ambiguous events towards being aversive in nature, owed to changes in amygdala physiology (Holmes et al., 2013; Perusini et al., 2016; Rau et al., 2005; Shors et al., 1992). This is thought to be an important model for how people develop anxiety disorders, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Rau et al., 2005). However, more recent evidence suggests that experience with reward learning can also change the neural circuits that are involved in learning about fear (Sharpe et al., 2021). Specifically, the lateral hypothalamus, a region typically restricted to modulating feeding and reward behavior, can be recruited to encode fear memories after experience with reward learning. This review discusses the literature on how stress and reward change the way we acquire and encode memories for aversive events, offering a testable model of how these regions may interact to promote either adaptive or maladaptive fear memories.

中文翻译：

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压力和奖励对编码未来恐惧记忆的影响


先前的经验改变了我们了解环境的方式。压力会使个体容易出现心理障碍，正如积极的经历可以防止这种可能性的发生（Kirkpatrick & Heller，2014；Koenigs & Grafman，2009；Pechtel & Pizzagalli，2011）。然而，当前大脑如何处理信息的模型通常不考虑先前经验的作用。研究压力如何影响大脑的大量文献是一个例外。这项研究表明，由于杏仁核生理学的变化，压力会使对模糊事件的解释偏向于厌恶（Holmes 等，2013；Perusini 等，2016；Rau 等，2005；Shors 等，2016）。 ，1992）。这被认为是人们如何患上焦虑症（如创伤后应激障碍）的重要模型（PTSD；Rau et al., 2005）。然而，最近的证据表明，奖励学习的经验也可以改变参与学习恐惧的神经回路（Sharpe et al., 2021）。具体来说，外侧下丘脑（通常仅限于调节进食和奖励行为的区域）在经历奖励学习后可以被招募来编码恐惧记忆。这篇综述讨论了关于压力和奖励如何改变我们获取和编码厌恶事件记忆的方式的文献，提供了一个可测试的模型，说明这些区域如何相互作用以促进适应性或适应不良的恐惧记忆。