The electrification of the transport sector plays a key role in the global energy transition and it is of great necessity to assess emissions induced by electric vehicles in the long term for effective policy-making. Typical life cycle assessment may not consider the impact of electric vehicle integration in future electricity systems adequately, or the time-dependent characteristics of electricity generation mix and EV charging patterns. The solution requires modeling methods to integrate electric vehicle into energy system models, especially with vehicle-to-grid option. However, relevant methods have not been evaluated, yet. This integration is mathematically ambitious especially for huge and heterogeneous fleets of electric vehicles and brings energy system models to their computational limits. So far, current studies have proposed several aggregation methods for the load from electric vehicle charging, which simplify the original problem but may provoke bias. In our contribution, we propose a novel method of integrating vehicle-to-grid compliant electric vehicles into energy system models and demonstrate its feasibility by comparing it with two recent others from the literature. Taking the performance of the individual modeling method as the benchmark, we improve one of the two methods from the literature with updated parameters and additional constraints. We apply all three aggregation methods in a simple energy system model for comparing and analyzing their performances from multiple aspects, that is, solution accuracy, computational complexity, parameter requirement, and their impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, we discuss the reasons behind the differences and give recommendations for further research.

中文翻译：

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将车辆到电网技术集成到能源系统模型中：新方法及其对温室气体排放的影响

交通运输部门的电气化在全球能源转型中发挥着关键作用，从长远来看，评估电动汽车引起的排放对于制定有效的政策非常必要。典型的生命周期评估可能没有充分考虑电动汽车集成对未来电力系统的影响，或者发电组合和电动汽车充电模式的时间依赖性特征。该解决方案需要建模方法将电动汽车集成到能源系统模型中，尤其是在车辆到电网选项的情况下。但是，相关方法尚未评估。这种集成在数学上是雄心勃勃的，特别是对于庞大且异构的电动汽车车队，并将能源系统模型带到其计算极限。至今，目前的研究已经提出了几种电动汽车充电负载的聚合方法，这些方法简化了原始问题，但可能会引起偏差。在我们的贡献中，我们提出了一种将符合车辆到电网的电动汽车集成到能源系统模型中的新方法，并通过将其与文献中最近的两个其他方法进行比较来证明其可行性。以个体建模方法的性能为基准，我们通过更新参数和附加约束改进了文献中的两种方法之一。我们在一个简单的能源系统模型中应用所有三种聚合方法，从多个方面比较和分析它们的性能，即解决方案的准确性、计算复杂性、参数要求以及它们对温室气体排放的影响。最后，