Herein, we reported a tandem multilevel reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) system was promising for the rapid and complete removal of trace antibiotics from natural waters. Results indicate that a four-stage REM module-in-series system achieved steady over 98% removal of model antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR, 100 μg·L^-1) from wastewater treatment plant final effluent and surface water with a residence time of 5.4 s, and the electric energy consumption was only around 0.007–0.011 kWh·m^-3. As for the oxidation mechanism, direct electron transfer (DET) oxidation process played an important role in NOR rapid oxidation, enabling the REM system to tolerate various ^•OH scavenges in natural waters, including natural organic matters, Cl^- and HCO₃^-, even at very high concentration levels. Meanwhile, ^•OH-mediated indirect oxidation process promotes the oxidation and mineralization of NOR. Although the DET-dominated oxidation mechanism makes the REM system cannot achieve the complete mineralization of NOR with residence times of few seconds, the antibacterial activity from NOR was completely eliminated. This REM system featured effective removal performance of trace contaminants with low energy cost and was tolerant to complex waster matrix, suggesting that it could be a powerful supplementary step for wastewater/water treatment.

在这里，我们报道了一种串联多级反应电化学膜 (REM) 系统，有望快速、完全地去除天然水中的痕量抗生素。结果表明，四级 REM 串联模块系统在5.4 s 的停留时间下，可稳定去除废水处理厂最终出水和地表水中的模型抗生素诺氟沙星 (NOR, 100 μg·L ^-1 ) 98% 以上。 ，而电能消耗仅为0.007~0.011 kWh·m ^-3左右。至于氧化机理，直接电子转移（DET）氧化过程在NOR快速氧化中发挥了重要作用，使REM系统能够耐受天然水中的各种^• OH清除剂，包括天然有机物、Cl ^-和 HCO ₃ ^-，即使在非常高的浓度水平。同时，^• OH 介导的间接氧化过程促进了NOR 的氧化和矿化。虽然以 DET 为主的氧化机制使得 REM 体系无法以几秒的停留时间实现 NOR 的完全矿化，但 NOR 的抗菌活性被完全消除。该 REM 系统具有有效去除痕量污染物的性能，能耗成本低，并且能够耐受复杂的废水基质，这表明它可以成为废水/水处理的有力补充步骤。