Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) has recently emerged as a promising tool to manipulate and study the sleeping brain. Although the technique is developing rapidly, only a few studies have examined how the effects of TMR develop over time. Here, we use a bimanual serial reaction time task (SRTT) to investigate whether the difference between the cued and un-cued sequence of button presses persists long-term. We further explore the relationship between the TMR benefit and sleep spindles, as well as their coupling with slow oscillations. Our behavioural analysis shows better performance for the dominant hand. Importantly, there was a strong effect of TMR, with improved performance on the cued sequence after sleep. Closer examination revealed a significant benefit of TMR at 10 days post-encoding, but not 24 h or 6 weeks post-encoding. Time spent in stage 2, but not stage 3, of NREM sleep predicted cueing benefit. We also found a significant increase in spindle density and SO-spindle coupling during the cue period, when compared to the no-cue period. Together, our results demonstrate that TMR effects evolve over several weeks post-cueing, as well as emphasising the importance of stage 2, spindles and the SO-spindle coupling in procedural memory consolidation.

有针对性的记忆激活 (TMR) 最近已成为一种很有前途的工具来操纵和研究睡眠中的大脑。尽管该技术正在迅速发展，但只有少数研究检查了 TMR 的影响如何随着时间的推移而发展。在这里，我们使用双手串行反应时间任务 (SRTT) 来研究提示和未提示按钮按下序列之间的差异是否长期存在。我们进一步探讨了 TMR 益处与睡眠纺锤波之间的关系，以及它们与慢振荡的耦合。我们的行为分析显示优势手的表现更好。重要的是，TMR 有很强的影响，改善了睡眠后提示序列的表现。仔细检查显示，TMR 在编码后 10 天有显着益处，但不是在编码后 24 小时或 6 周。在 NREM 睡眠的第 2 阶段而非第 3 阶段花费的时间预测了提示益处。我们还发现，与无提示期相比，提示期主轴密度和 SO 主轴耦合显着增加。总之，我们的结果表明，TMR 效应在提示后的几周内演变，并强调了第 2 阶段、纺锤和 SO-纺锤耦合在程序记忆巩固中的重要性。