The enzymatic activities and ratios are critical indicators for organic matter decomposition and provide potentially positive feedback to carbon (C) loss under global warming. For agricultural soils under climate change, the effect of long-term warming on the activities of oxidases and hydrolases targeting C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their ratios is unclear, as well as whether and to what extend the response is modulated by long-term fertilization. A 9-year field experiment in the North China Plain, including an untreated control, warming, N fertilization, and combined (WN) treatment plots, compared the factorial effect of warming and fertilization. Long-term warming interacted with fertilization to stimulate the highest activities of C, N, and P hydrolases. Activities of C and P hydrolase increased from 8 to 69% by N fertilization, 9 to 53% by warming, and 28 to 130% by WN treatment compared to control, whereas the activities of oxidase increased from 4 to 16% in the WN soils. Both the warming and the WN treatments significantly increased the enzymatic C:N ratio from 0.06 to 0.16 and the vector length from 0.04 to 0.12 compared to the control soil, indicating higher energy and resource limitation for the soil microorganisms. Compared to WN, the warming induced similar ratio of oxidase to C hydrolase, showing a comparable ability of different microbial communities to utilize lignin substrates. The relationship analyses showed mineralization of organic N to mediate the decomposition of lignin and enzyme ratio in the long-term warming soil, while N and P hydrolases cooperatively benefited to induce more oxidase productions in the soil subject to both warming and N fertilization. We conclude that coupled resource limitations induced microbial acclimation to long-term warming in the agricultural soils experiencing high N fertilizer inputs.

酶活性和比率是有机物分解的关键指标，并为全球变暖下的碳 (C) 损失提供潜在的正反馈。对于气候变化下的农业土壤，长期变暖对针对碳、氮（N）和磷（P）的氧化酶和水解酶的活性及其比例的影响尚不清楚，也不清楚响应是否以及在多大程度上是长期受精调节。在华北平原进行的为期 9 年的田间试验，包括未处理的对照、加温、施氮和联合 (WN) 处理地块，比较了加温和施肥的因子效应。长期变暖与施肥相互作用以刺激 C、N 和 P 水解酶的最高活性。施氮使 C 和 P 水解酶的活性从 8% 增加到 69%，与对照相比，变暖增加了 9% 到 53%，WN 处理增加了 28% 到 130%，而 WN 土壤中氧化酶的活性从 4% 增加到 16%。与对照土壤相比，变暖和 WN 处理都使酶 C:N 比从 0.06 显着增加到 0.16，载体长度从 0.04 增加到 0.12，表明土壤微生物的能量和资源限制更高。与 WN 相比，变暖诱导的氧化酶与 C 水解酶的比例相似，表明不同微生物群落利用木质素底物的能力相当。关系分析表明有机氮矿化介导了长期变暖土壤中木质素和酶比的分解，而 N 和 P 水解酶协同受益，在受变暖和施氮影响的土壤中诱导更多的氧化酶产生。我们得出的结论是，在经历高氮肥输入的农业土壤中，资源限制导致微生物适应长期变暖。