Blood plays an essential role in the human body. Hemorrhage is a critical cause of both military and civilian casualties. The human body has its own hemostatic mechanism that involves complex processes and has limited capacity. However, in emergency situations such as battlefields and hospitals, when the hemostatic mechanism of the human body itself cannot stop bleeding effectively, hemostatic materials are needed for saving lives. In this review, the hemostatic mechanisms and performance of the most commonly used hemostatic materials, (including fibrin, collagen, zeolite, gelatin, alginate, chitosan, cellulose and cyanoacrylate) and the commercial wound dressings based on these materials, will be discussed. These materials may have limitations, such as poor tissue adhesion, risk of infection and exothermic reactions, that may lessen their hemostatic efficacy and cause secondary injuries. High-performance hemostatic materials, therefore, have been designed and developed to improve hemostatic efficiency in clinical use. In this review, hemostatic materials with advanced performances, such as antibacterial capacity, superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity, superelasticity, high porosity and/or biomimicry, will be introduced. Future prospects of hemostatic materials will also be discussed in this review.

中文翻译：

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伤口护理中的止血材料


血液在人体中起着至关重要的作用。出血是造成军事和平民伤亡的重要原因。人体有其自身的止血机制，过程复杂且能力有限。但在战场、医院等紧急情况下，当人体本身的止血机制无法有效止血时，就需要止血材料来挽救生命。在这篇综述中，将讨论最常用的止血材料（包括纤维蛋白、胶原蛋白、沸石、明胶、藻酸盐、壳聚糖、纤维素和氰基丙烯酸酯）以及基于这些材料的商业伤口敷料的止血机制和性能。这些材料可能存在局限性，例如组织粘附力差、感染风险和放热反应，这可能会降低其止血功效并导致继发性损伤。因此，设计和开发高性能止血材料以提高临床使用的止血效率。本综述将介绍具有先进性能的止血材料，如抗菌能力、超疏水/超亲水、超弹性、高孔隙率和/或仿生。本综述还将讨论止血材料的未来前景。