Studies of cities that have successfully shifted demand from cars to more sustainable modes suggest that coordinated packages of mutually reinforcing policy instruments are needed. Congestion charges and parking fees can be important parts of such packages. This paper examines the introduction of welfare-optimal congestion charges and parking fees in a model calibrated to Uppsala, a small city in Sweden. These effects are modeled with a simple transport demand model for the welfare optimization of parking fees, congestion charges, and public transport provision. The results suggest that welfare-optimal congestion charges in Uppsala are as high as EUR 2.8 in peak hours and EUR 1.4 in off-peak hours. A rough cost–benefit analysis shows that the introduction of congestion charges in Uppsala is welfare improving if the operating costs of congestion charges are proportional to city population size. In the main scenarios, optimal congestion charges and parking fees reduce the number of car trips by 10% and 7%, respectively. The model can be used to assess when it is worthwhile to introduce congestion pricing.

对成功将需求从汽车转向更可持续模式的城市的研究表明，需要相互加强的政策工具的协调一揽子计划。拥堵费和停车费可能是此类套餐的重要组成部分。本文研究了在校准到瑞典小城市乌普萨拉的模型中引入福利最优的拥堵费和停车费。这些影响用一个简单的交通需求模型建模，用于优化停车费、拥堵费和公共交通供应的福利。结果表明，乌普萨拉的福利最优拥堵费在高峰时段高达 2.8 欧元，在非高峰时段高达 1.4 欧元。粗略的成本收益分析表明，如果拥堵费的运营成本与城市人口规模成正比，那么在乌普萨拉引入拥堵费可以改善福利。在主要场景下，最优拥堵费和停车费分别使汽车出行次数减少 10% 和 7%。该模型可用于评估何时值得引入拥堵收费。