Agricultural Systems ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-16 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103270 Antonio Carlos Gama-Rodrigues 1 , Manfred Willy Müller 2 , Emanuela Forestieri Gama-Rodrigues 1 , Fernando Antônio Teixeira Mendes 2
|
CONTEXT
Cacao-based agroforestry systems is an appropriate technology as it contributes to improving the standard of living of the population of an agricultural region based on land use without causing undesirable environmental changes. Brazil contributes approximately 5% of world cocoa production. The main cocoa producing states are Bahia and Espírito Santo in the Atlantic Forest biome; and Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia and Mato Grosso in the Amazon biome, with an estimated total planted area of 606,794 ha and about 76,000 rural producers, of which almost 80% are in family farming.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to describe the various commercially adopted models of agroforestry systems with cacao trees (cacao-AFS), with an emphasis on their agronomic, economic and social-ecological advantages as key technologies for the sustainable rural development of the cacao regions in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon biomes in Brazil.
METHODS
A survey of the literature produced on various models of cacao-AFS was carried out, with an emphasis on farming system design, productivity, profitability, stability, employment and sustainability.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Cacao crops provide several social, economic and environmental benefits. The predominant cacao-AFS models in Bahia and Espírito Santo are the cacao-cabruca, cacao-erythrina and cacao-rubber systems, while the Amazon implements models in mixed and zonal systems with a high diversity of consortium multifunctional species. The social importance of the diversity of cacao-AFS models is to generate new technologies and knowledge, to preserve tree species with a social function (medicinal and fruit species) and to produce food in the systems installation phase. The cacao-cabruca system has the lowest productivity among the cacao-AFS of approximately 180 kg/ha, but with proper shade management and the use of high technology it can achieve much higher productivity. The diversity of cacao-AFS models in the cacao regions characterizes an agroforestry mosaic, forming a forest continuum in relation to conservation and production values. Thus, the mosaic of cacao-AFS can be considered a technology to help preserve and promote biodiversity without harming its commercial production.
SIGNIFICANCE
This study demonstrates that the cacao-AFS mosaic could also be considered an environmentally-friendly agroforestry technique and/or climate-smart agriculture. For this reason, implementing payment for ecosystem services should gain greater relevance as a mechanism to increase added value. This would allow access to niche markets with higher added value by paying for both environmental services and the fine cocoa market.
中文翻译：
大西洋森林和亚马逊生物群落中基于可可的农林业系统：土地利用的生态区域分析
语境
基于可可的农林业系统是一种合适的技术，因为它有助于提高基于土地利用的农业地区人口的生活水平，而不会造成不良的环境变化。巴西约占世界可可产量的 5%。主要的可可生产州是大西洋森林生物群落中的巴伊亚州和圣埃斯皮里图州；以及亚马逊生物群落中的亚马逊、帕拉、朗多尼亚和马托格罗索，估计总种植面积为 606,794 公顷，约有 76,000 名农村生产者，其中近 80% 从事家庭农业。
客观的
本综述的目的是描述各种商业采用的可可树混农林业系统模型 (cacao-AFS)，重点是它们的农艺、经济和社会生态优势是可可地区农村可持续发展的关键技术。在巴西的大西洋森林和亚马逊生物群落中。
方法
对各种可可 AFS 模型的文献进行了调查，重点是耕作系统设计、生产力、盈利能力、稳定性、就业和可持续性。
结果和结论
可可作物具有多种社会、经济和环境效益。Bahia 和 Espírito Santo 的主要可可 AFS 模型是 cacao-cabruca、cacao-erythrina 和 cacao-rubber 系统，而亚马逊在混合和带状系统中实施模型，具有高度多样性的财团多功能物种。可可-AFS 模型多样性的社会重要性是产生新技术和知识，保护具有社会功能的树种（药用和水果树种），并在系统安装阶段生产食物。cacao-cabruca 系统在 cacao-AFS 中的生产力最低，约为 180 公斤/公顷，但通过适当的遮荫管理和高科技的使用，它可以实现更高的生产力。可可地区可可-AFS 模型的多样性以农林业马赛克为特征，形成与保护和生产价值相关的森林连续体。因此，可可-AFS 镶嵌可被视为一种有助于保护和促进生物多样性而又不损害其商业生产的技术。
意义
这项研究表明，可可-AFS 马赛克也可以被视为一种环境友好的农林业技术和/或气候智能型农业。出于这个原因，实施生态系统服务付费应该作为一种增加附加值的机制获得更大的相关性。这将允许通过支付环境服务和优质可可市场进入具有更高附加值的利基市场。
京公网安备 11010802027423号