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Crop and water productivity, energy auditing, carbon footprints and soil health indicators of Bt-cotton transplanting led system intensification
Journal of Environmental Management ( IF 8.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-16 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113732
Sudhir K Rajpoot 1 , D S Rana 2 , Anil K Choudhary 3
Affiliation  

Direct-seeded-cotton (DSC) leads to low crop and water productivity and energy-output with higher carbon-footprints besides impairing system-intensification under conventional cotton-wheat cropping system (CWCS). Hence, we evaluated two methods of Bt-cotton establishment [transplanted cotton (TPC) & DSC)] at three planting geometries/densities in four Bt-cotton based cropping-systems [DSC-wheat (DSC-W), TPC-wheat-mungbean (TPC-W-M), DSC-onion (DSC-O), TPC-onion-fodder cowpea + fodder maize (TPC-O-FC + FM)] in semi-arid region of south Asia. Poly-glass nursery-raised TPC exhibited significantly higher germination (96.5%), seedling-survival (96.1%) and 14.1% higher plant-stand owing to lower seedling-mortality (3.2%). TPC used ∼60% less irrigation-water but exhibited significantly higher seed-cotton, seed and lint yield, net-returns, radiation-use-efficiency and water-productivity by 11.4, 9.9, 14.3, 17.3, 10.7 and 260.6%, respectively over DSC. Planting geometry/density of 60 × 45 cm (37,037 plants ha−1) exhibited significantly higher crop and water productivity and economic-returns. Bt-cotton transplanting led system-intensification enhanced the system-productivity (26.1%), profitability (30.5%), water-productivity (19.3%) and land-use-efficiency (8.5%) over the DSC-based systems with significantly higher values under TPC-O-FC + FM. Energy-use pattern reveled that farm inputs viz. Fertilizers (54–60%), water (15–25%) and diesel (6–10%) consumed bulk of the input-energy in different cropping systems with greatest values under TPC-O-FC + FM. TPC-W-M exhibited highest system energy-output (604.6 × 103 MJ ha−1) and energy-returns (566.2 × 103 MJ ha−1). TPC-O-FC + FM exhibited significantly higher carbon-consumption (668.9 kg CE ha−1) and carbon-output (21431.3 kg CE ha−1) while maintaining significantly higher carbon-efficiency (32.0) and carbon sustainability index (31.0). TPC-O-FC + FM had least carbon-footprints (0.07 kg CE kg−1 SCEY) while conventional-CWCS exhibited 2-folds higher carbon-footprints. Legume-imbedded TPC-based cropping systems markedly increased the soil physical (bulk-density, water-stable-aggregates), chemical (SOC, available-NPK) and biological properties (soil-microbial-biomass-carbon, dehydrogenase and ergosterol activity) over the conventional CWCS and DCS-O systems. Overall, Bt-cotton transplanting led system-intensification upholds great importance in enhancing the system crop and water-productivity, profitability, energy-productivity, resource-use-efficiency and soil-health with minimal carbon-footprints in semi-arid agro-ecosystems of south Asia.



中文翻译:

Bt 棉花移栽引导系统集约化的作物和水生产力、能源审计、碳足迹和土壤健康指标

直播棉花 (DSC) 导致作物和水生产力低下以及能源输出和碳足迹较高,此外还会损害传统棉小麦种植系统 (CWCS) 下的系统集约化。因此,我们在四种基于 Bt 棉花的种植系统 [DSC-小麦 (DSC-W)、TPC-小麦-绿豆 (TPC-WM)、DSC-洋葱 (DSC-O)、TPC-洋葱-饲料豇豆 + 饲料玉米 (TPC-O-FC + FM)] 在南亚半干旱地区。由于较低的幼苗死亡率(3.2%),聚玻璃苗圃培育的 TPC 表现出显着更高的发芽率(96.5%)、幼苗存活率(96.1%)和高 14.1% 的植株。TPC 使用的灌溉水减少了约 60%,但表现出显着更高的种子棉花、种子和皮棉产量、净收益、辐射利用效率和产水率分别比 DSC 高 11.4、9.9、14.3、17.3、10.7 和 260.6%。种植几何形状/密度为 60 × 45 厘米(37,037 株公顷-1 ) 表现出显着更高的作物和水生产力和经济回报。与基于 DSC 的系统相比,Bt 棉花移栽导致的系统集约化提高了系统生产力(26.1%)、盈利能力(30.5%)、水生产力(19.3%)和土地利用效率(8.5%) TPC-O-FC + FM 下的值。能源使用模式揭示了农业投入。肥料 (54–60%)、水 (15–25%) 和柴油 (6–10%) 在不同种植系统中消耗了大部分输入能源,在 TPC-O-FC + FM 下具有最大价值。TPC-WM 表现出最高的系统能量输出 (604.6 × 10 3  MJ ha -1 ) 和能量返回 (566.2 × 10 3  MJ ha -1)。TPC-O-FC + FM 表现出显着更高的碳消耗(668.9 kg CE ha -1)和碳输出(21431.3 kg CE ha -1),同时保持显着更高的碳效率(32.0)和碳可持续性指数(31.0) . TPC-O-FC + FM 的碳足迹最少(0.07 kg CE kg -1SCEY) 而传统的 CWCS 表现出高两倍的碳足迹。基于豆科植物的 TPC 种植系统显着提高了土壤物理特性(体积密度、水稳定性聚集体)、化学特性(SOC、有效氮磷钾)和生物特性(土壤-微生物-生物质-碳、脱氢酶和麦角甾醇活性)优于传统的 CWCS 和 DCS-O 系统。总体而言,以 Bt 棉花移栽为主导的系统集约化在提高系统作物和水生产力、盈利能力、能源生产力、资源利用效率和土壤健康方面具有重要意义,同时在半干旱农业生态系统中碳足迹最小南亚的。

更新日期:2021-09-16
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