Human induced land use changes affect the provisioning of ecosystem services and may follow some economic rationale. Allocation of limited natural resources to different land utilization forms is the ultimate management problem for sustainable development. This study attempts to analyses the current land-use allocation systems in the Zagros area of western Iran suffering from soil erosion and water yielding problems and providing crucial economic benefits for local communities. Therefore, a comprehensive study using multiple advanced methods is needed to examine the ways land-use allocation can be enhanced with respect to multiple ecosystem services. For this, we have considered four ecosystem services, namely water yield, prevention of soil erosion, carbon sequestration and marketable products (wood, food). The economic efficiency (marketable production) of four different and competing land-uses, i.e. forest, pasture, orchard, and agriculture, were calculated applying a direct market valuation. To estimate the provision of ecosystem services, natural capital project tools InVEST and MPSIAC were used to model water production and total carbon budget (aerial biomass, underground, litter and soil), respectively. A Land-Use Conflict Identification Strategy model was used to classify Synergies and Trade-offs between the ecosystem services. A map was then developed to illustrate the spatial distribution of services, their provision levels, and to better understand trade-offs and synergies among a bundle of ecosystem services. To select sample points, a systematic random network was implemented on the map of the region and 533 sample points were selected. We used these sample points to assess the provision of ecosystem services and their synergies and trade-offs. To account for decision-makers’ preferences about the ecosystem services, a non-linear programming method was used to optimize multi-objective land-use allocation by weighing multi-objective benefits from ecosystem services at the landscape level. The results showed that 75% of the studied sample points had synergies, at least between two services, and 25% of the sample points showed trade-offs between the ES. The highest synergies were achieved between water production and prevention of soil erosion. The highest maximum target function was found for a diversity of scenarios aiming for 0–100% provision of the four services. In superior options, forest area level has increased by 75% and the level of orchards has increased by 258% (Relative to the initial area before optimization). The pasture area decreased by 45% and the agricultural land-use area was 65% lower than the pre-optimal level. The erosion rate of the region was reduced about 3736 tons/ha/year relative to pre-optimized conditions (100,514 tones/ha/year) and the water yield capacity increased by 663,100 cubic meters in the whole area, which is of great value due to the importance of water availability in the region. In addition, 76,905 tons /whole area have been added to the carbon storage function. Finally, 172,597 million Rials revenue generation (80%) could be realized for the entire region of 13484 ha.

人为引起的土地利用变化会影响生态系统服务的提供，并可能遵循一些经济原理。将有限的自然资源分配到不同的土地利用形式是可持续发展的最终管理问题。本研究试图分析伊朗西部扎格罗斯地区当前的土地利用分配系统，该地区遭受水土流失和产水问题，并为当地社区提供了重要的经济效益。因此，需要使用多种先进方法进行综合研究，以研究在多种生态系统服务方面加强土地利用分配的方式。为此，我们考虑了四种生态系统服务，即产水量、防止水土流失、固碳和适销对路的产品（木材、食品）。四种不同且相互竞争的土地利用（即森林、牧场、果园和农业）的经济效率（可销售的生产）是应用直接市场估值来计算的。为了估计生态系统服务的提供，自然资本项目工具 InVEST 和 MPSIAC 分别用于模拟水生产和总碳预算（空中生物量、地下、凋落物和土壤）。土地使用冲突识别策略模型用于对生态系统服务之间的协同作用和权衡进行分类。然后开发了一张地图来说明服务的空间分布及其提供水平，并更好地了解一系列生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同作用。为了选取样本点，在区域地图上实施了系统的随机网络，选取了533个样本点。我们使用这些样本点来评估生态系统服务的提供及其协同作用和权衡。为了考虑决策者对生态系统服务的偏好，一种非线性规划方法被用来通过在景观层面权衡生态系统服务的多目标收益来优化多目标土地利用分配。结果表明，75% 的研究样本点至少在两个服务之间具有协同作用，25% 的样本点显示出 ES 之间的权衡。在水生产和防止水土流失之间实现了最高的协同作用。对于旨在 0-100% 提供四种服务的各种场景，发现了最高的最大目标函数。在优越的选择中，森林面积等级增加了75%，果园等级增加了258%（相对于优化前的初始面积）。牧区面积比优化前减少45%，农用地面积减少65%。与优化前的条件（100514吨/公顷/年）相比，该区域的侵蚀率降低了约3736吨/公顷/年，全区出水量增加了66.31万立方米，具有重要价值。了解该地区水资源可用性的重要性。此外，还增加了76,905吨/面积的碳储存功能。最后，整个 13484 公顷的地区可以实现 1725.97 亿里亚尔的收入（80%）。牧区面积比优化前减少45%，农用地面积减少65%。与优化前的条件（100514吨/公顷/年）相比，该区域的侵蚀率降低了约3736吨/公顷/年，全区出水量增加了66.31万立方米，具有重要价值。了解该地区水资源可用性的重要性。此外，还增加了76,905吨/面积的碳储存功能。最后，整个 13484 公顷的地区可以实现 1725.97 亿里亚尔的收入（80%）。牧区面积比优化前减少45%，农用地面积减少65%。与优化前的条件（100514吨/公顷/年）相比，该区域的侵蚀率降低了约3736吨/公顷/年，全区出水量增加了66.31万立方米，具有重要价值。了解该地区水资源可用性的重要性。此外，还增加了76,905吨/面积的碳储存功能。最后，整个 13484 公顷的地区可以实现 1725.97 亿里亚尔的收入（80%）。由于该地区水资源的重要性，这是非常有价值的。此外，还增加了76,905吨/面积的碳储存功能。最后，整个 13484 公顷的地区可以实现 1725.97 亿里亚尔的收入（80%）。由于该地区水资源的重要性，这是非常有价值的。此外，还增加了76,905吨/面积的碳储存功能。最后，整个 13484 公顷的地区可以实现 1725.97 亿里亚尔的收入（80%）。