Superior lithophilicity for the 3D host is essential to enable both uniform molten lithium (Li) infusion during synthesis and a low Li nucleation barrier during cycling. The wetting behavior between the host surface and molten Li can be reasonably predicted by the typical Wenzel model. Herein, inspired by the model, a lotus-leaf-like carbon nanotube (CNT)/NiO spheres hybrid structure is employed to improve the wettability and regulate Li plating/stripping. First, the CNTs interweave to form a highly conductive and robust sponge with accelerated Li⁺ transport and reinforced stability. Second, the embedded NiO microspheres possess the Li-active nature. More importantly, the surface roughness caused by nano-sized protuberances over its surface further stronger the lithiophilicity. By the in situ optical microscope and calculations, this multistage structure is proven to homogenize the Li deposition and inhibit dendrite growth. As a result, the composite anode enables excellent cycling performance at both symmetric and full cells. This design of micro/nanostructured host provides a new perspective on the development of an excellent wettable host for Li-metal anode.

中文翻译：

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基于无枝晶锂金属负极的 Wenzel 润湿模型的具有微/纳米结构活性位点的高亲锂性主体

3D 主体的卓越亲石性对于在合成过程中实现均匀的熔融锂 (Li) 注入和循环过程中的低锂成核势垒至关重要。典型的 Wenzel 模型可以合理地预测主体表面和熔融锂之间的润湿行为。在此，受该模型的启发，采用荷叶状碳纳米管 (CNT)/NiO 球混合结构来提高润湿性并调节锂电镀/剥离。首先，碳纳米管与加速的 Li ⁺交织形成高导电性和坚固的海绵运输和加强稳定性。其次，嵌入的 NiO 微球具有锂活性。更重要的是，由其表面的纳米级突起引起的表面粗糙度进一步增强了亲锂性。通过原位光学显微镜和计算，证明这种多级结构可以均匀化锂沉积并抑制枝晶生长。因此，复合负极在对称电池和全电池上都具有出色的循环性能。这种微/纳米结构主体的设计为开发用于锂金属负极的优良可湿性主体提供了新的视角。