Agriculture has a substantial environmental impact. However, little research has been conducted on the relationship between agriculture’s environmental impacts and linkages, particularly for the key agriculture-based Pakistani economy. Additionally, the literature on environmental linkages rarely estimates multiple types of linkages in a single study. This study fills these critical research gaps. The study estimates the land, water, nitrogen, and CO₂ impacts and linkages of Pakistan’s agriculture sector using an input–output model and the hypothetical extraction method. The results indicated that agriculture directly accounted for approximately 27%, 93%, 92%, and 1% of Pakistan’s total sectoral land, water, nitrogen, and CO₂ impacts (LWNC), respectively. While the sector indirectly contributed almost 2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.4% of Pakistan’s total LWNC. The bulk of direct LWNC impacts were caused by agricultural purchases from downstream sectoral importers. The majority of the indirect LWNC impacts were induced by agriculture’s re-imports. The agricultural purchases from the downstream sector of “Food and Beverages” induced the greatest environmental impact. To ensure sustainable agriculture, particularly in Pakistan, the agriculture sector’s direct and indirect environmental impacts should be reduced not only through better management practices and technology, but also by focusing on intermediate sectoral sources of direct and indirect environmental impacts.

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环境影响与农业部门联系之间的联系：巴基斯坦的案例研究

农业对环境有重大影响。然而，关于农业环境影响和联系之间的关系的研究很少，特别是对于以农业为基础的巴基斯坦经济。此外，关于环境联系的文献很少在一项研究中估计多种类型的联系。这项研究填补了这些关键的研究空白。该研究使用投入-产出模型和假设提取方法估算了巴基斯坦农业部门对土地、水、氮和 CO _{2 的}影响和联系。结果表明，农业直接占巴基斯坦总部门土地、水、氮和 CO _{2 的}约 27%、93%、92% 和 1%影响（LWNC），分别。虽然该部门间接贡献了巴基斯坦 LWNC 总数的近 2%、0.3%、0.4% 和 0.4%。大部分直接 LWNC 影响是由下游部门进口商购买农产品造成的。大多数间接 LWNC 影响是由农业再进口引起的。从“食品和饮料”下游部门采购农产品对环境的影响最大。为了确保可持续农业，特别是在巴基斯坦，农业部门的直接和间接环境影响不仅应该通过更好的管理实践和技术来减少，而且还应该通过关注直接和间接环境影响的中间部门来源来减少。