Selective laser melting (SLM) titanium (Ti) implants have shown good prospects for personalized clinical application, but further research is necessary to develop stabilized long-term properties. Since surface modification has been proven bioactive for osseointegration, conventional Ti surface treatment technologies, including sandblasting/acid-etching (SLA) and sandblasting/alkali-heating (SAH), were applied to construct micro and micro/nano surfaces. The SAH group with netlike nano-structure topography exhibited appropriate surface roughness and high hydrophilicity, and as expected, the osseointegration capacities in vivo of the three groups were in order of SAH > SLA > SLM. Besides, both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that the SLA- and SAH-treated SLM Ti implants significantly inhibited osteoclast activity of peri-implants. Considering the close associations between osteoclasts and macrophages, the effects of Ti surface topography on macrophage polarization were detected. The results showed that the SLA- and SAH-treated SLM Ti implants, especially the latter, had the capacity to promote macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype. Moreover, the cell culture supernatants of M2 macrophages and RAW264.7 cells seeded on SLA- and SAH-treated SLM Ti surfaces had an adverse effect on osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, this study demonstrated that micro/nano topographies of SLM Ti implants were effective for osseointegration promotion, and their inhibition of osteoclastogenesis might be attributed to macrophage polarization. Our findings shed some light on clinical application of SLM Ti implants and also prove a specific association between macrophage polarization and osteoclastogenesis.

选择性激光熔化 (SLM) 钛 (Ti) 植入物在个性化临床应用方面显示出良好的前景，但需要进一步研究以开发稳定的长期性能。由于表面改性已被证明对骨整合具有生物活性，传统的钛表面处理技术，包括喷砂/酸蚀（SLA）和喷砂/碱加热（SAH），被应用于构建微和微/纳米表面。具有网状纳米结构形貌的SAH组表现出适当的表面粗糙度和高亲水性，正如预期的那样，三组体内骨整合能力的顺序为SAH>SLA>SLM。此外，体内和体外研究表明，经SLA和SAH处理的SLM Ti种植体显着抑制种植体周围的破骨细胞活性。考虑到破骨细胞和巨噬细胞之间的密切联系，检测了钛表面形貌对巨噬细胞极化的影响。结果表明，经SLA和SAH处理的SLM Ti种植体，尤其是后者，具有促进巨噬细胞极化至M2表型的能力。此外，接种在 SLA 和 SAH 处理的 SLM Ti 表面上的 M2 巨噬细胞和 RAW264.7 细胞的细胞培养上清液对破骨细胞生成有不利影响。总的来说，这项研究表明，SLM 钛种植体的微/纳米形貌可有效促进骨整合，其对破骨细胞生成的抑制可能归因于巨噬细胞极化。我们的研究结果为 SLM 钛种植体的临床应用提供了一些启示，并证明了巨噬细胞极化与破骨细胞生成之间的特定关联。