In this study, a novel gas sparging regime was applied, in which filtration was conducted without gas sparging to create a pseudo dead-end (DE) filtration cycle followed by membrane relaxation/backwashing for a short period of time with gas sparging until the TMP set-point was achieved. Compared with conventional continuous filtration and continuous gas sparging (CGS) modes and temporal pseudo DE filtration modes, this pseudo DE filtration coupled with TMP set-point control mode can achieve lower energy demand with sustainable membrane operation. The impacts of the TMP set-point value, imposed flux and physical cleaning process (membrane relaxation/backwash coupled with gas sparging) were evaluated. The result indicated that a moderate TMP set-point value (10–12 kPa) should be selected. Backwashing can significantly reduce the irreversible fouling and enhance the net permeate flux. However, when the TMP set-point value was higher (TMP_set = 14 kPa), severe cake layer consolidation occurred and no appreciable improvement of fouling control was observed even with backwashing coupled with gas sparging. The optimum condition can be established when the TMP set-point value was 12 kPa at a flux of 15 L m⁻² h⁻¹ in terms of a higher net flux and lower specific energy demand. Importantly, sustainable membrane operation can be achieved under pseudo DE filtration coupled with TMP set-point control mode with a low energy demand (0.09 kWh m⁻³) and low operational cost ($0.027 per m³), promoting energy neutral municipal wastewater treatment to be realized.

中文翻译：

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在厌氧膜生物反应器中通过伪死端过滤与跨膜压力 (TMP) 设定点控制改善膜污染，用于城市污水处理

在这项研究中，应用了一种新的气体喷射机制，其中在不喷射气体的情况下进行过滤以创建伪死端 (DE) 过滤循环，然后通过气体喷射进行短时间的膜松弛/反冲洗，直到 TMP达到设定点。与传统的连续过滤和连续气体喷射 (CGS) 模式以及暂时性伪 DE 过滤模式相比，这种伪 DE 过滤与 TMP 设定点控制模式相结合，可以通过可持续的膜操作实现更低的能源需求。评估了 TMP 设定值、强加通量和物理清洁过程（膜松弛/反洗与气体喷射）的影响。结果表明，应选择适中的 TMP 设定值 (10–12 kPa)。反冲洗可以显着减少不可逆污垢并提高净渗透通量。然而，当 TMP 设定值较高时（TMP_set = 14 kPa)，发生严重的滤饼层固结，并且即使在反洗和气体喷射的情况下也没有观察到污垢控制的明显改善。就更高的净通量和更低的特定能量需求而言，当 TMP 设定值在 15 L m ^-2 h ^-1通量下为 12 kPa 时，可以建立最佳条件。重要的是，可以在伪 DE 过滤与 TMP 设定点控制模式下实现可持续的膜操作，该模式具有低能量需求（0.09 kWh m ^-3）和低运营成本（每 m ³ 0.027 美元），促进能源中性城市污水处理实现。