Papaya has a narrow genetic base concerning disease resistance, with few genetically distinct cultivars for planting in the world. Losses in crop production caused by fungal and viral diseases, added to the absence of resistant cultivars available to producers, have reduced the competitiveness of crops. Therefore, this study aimed to select promising individuals for resistance to phoma spot and black spot based on direct or combined genetic gains in the base population of the recurrent papaya selection. The population used in this study originated from the crossing of dioecious, female individuals and holders of a gene pool for resistance to phoma spot and black spot. These were crossed with elite individuals with a gene pool for production traits and fruit quality. The experiment was carried out without an experimental design, containing one plant per plot. Three measurements were taken on 255 individuals for five traits of disease resistance, being: four associated with black spot (incidence and severity on the leaf and fruit) and one associated with phoma spot (severity on the leaf). With the observations obtained, the REML/BLUP procedure was performed to estimate the temporary and permanent environmental effects. Such values were used to know the genetic parameters of the population and to elaborate a combined selection index, as well as to compare the gains with the direct selection. The results indicate environmental variance was relatively high witch low repeatability for the traits. Both selection strategies provide gains in reducing the diseases studied. Combined selection is recommended as it provides greater expected gain than direct selection. However, direct selection can be considered for the development of lines per se, as it offers the opportunity to already select superior individuals during the process of breeding the recurrent population or, to be part of the recombination phase.

木瓜的抗病性遗传基础较窄，世界上几乎没有遗传上独特的栽培品种。真菌和病毒病害造成的作物减产，再加上缺乏可供生产者使用的抗性品种，降低了作物的竞争力。因此，本研究旨在根据木瓜循环选择的基础种群中的直接或组合遗传增益来选择有前途的个体以抵抗木瓜斑病和黑斑病。本研究中使用的种群源自雌雄异株的雌性个体与抗病斑和黑斑病基因库的持有者的杂交。这些与具有生产性状和果实品质基因库的精英个体杂交。实验是在没有实验设计的情况下进行的，每块地包含一株植物。对 255 名个体进行了 3 项抗病性状的测量，其中 4 项与黑斑病（叶子和果实的发病率和严重程度）有关，1 项与黑斑病（叶子上的严重程度）有关。根据获得的观察结果，执行 REML/BLUP 程序以估计临时和永久环境影响。这些值用于了解种群的遗传参数并制定组合选择指数，以及将收益与直接选择进行比较。结果表明，环境变异相对较高，而性状的可重复性较低。两种选择策略都在减少所研究的疾病方面提供了收益。推荐组合选择，因为它比直接选择提供更大的预期收益。然而，