Defect-engineering in transition-metal-doped carbon-based catalyst plays an essential role for improving the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Herein, we report a ball-milling induced defect assisted with ZnCl₂ strategy for fabricating defect-rich iron/nitrogen co-doped graphene-based materials (Fe-N-G). The substantial mechanical shear forces and the constant corrosion to the carbon matrix by ZnCl₂ lead to the creation of abundant defects in graphene-based materials, which facilitates doping for heteroatoms. The defect-rich Fe-N-G catalyst with abundant Fe-N_x active sites displays excellent ORR performance. For OER, the over potential for Fe-N-G outperforms that of RuO₂ in 1 M KOH at 10 mA cm⁻². The Density Functional Theory calculations unravel that the impressive OER performance is attributable to the introduction of abundant defects. Additionally, the liquid and all-solid-state zinc-air batteries equipped with the prepared material as the air cathode demonstrate high power density, high specific capacity, and long charge–discharge stability. This work offers a practical method for manufacturing high-performance electrocatalysts for environmental and energy-related fields.

过渡金属掺杂的碳基催化剂中的缺陷工程对于提高氧还原反应（ORR）和析氧反应（OER）性能起着至关重要的作用。在此，我们报告了球磨诱导缺陷辅助 ZnCl ₂策略，用于制造富含缺陷的铁/氮共掺杂石墨烯基材料 (Fe- N -G)。大量的机械剪切力和 ZnCl ₂对碳基体的持续腐蚀导致在石墨烯基材料中产生大量缺陷，这有利于杂原子的掺杂。富缺陷的Fe- Ñ具有丰富的Fe-N -G催化剂_X的活性位点表现出优良的性能ORR。对于 OER，Fe- N的超潜力-G在 10 mA cm ^{-2 下}在 1 M KOH 中优于 RuO ₂。密度泛函理论计算表明，令人印象深刻的 OER 性能归因于大量缺陷的引入。此外，配备所制备材料作为空气阴极的液态和全固态锌空气电池具有高功率密度、高比容量和长充放电稳定性。这项工作为制造用于环境和能源相关领域的高性能电催化剂提供了一种实用的方法。