Fruit and berry crops, as well as grapes, are important parts of the human diet and, at the same time, significant objects of genetic, breeding, biochemical and nutritional research. Traditional approaches of crop research and improvement are now complemented by effective modern genetic technologies. In this review, we analyze and summarize the achievements in genome editing of fruit, berry crops and grapes. New approaches accelerate the improvement of genotypes for many groups of traits: plant resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, flowering and ripening time, plant architectonics, fruit shelf time and biochemical composition. Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully tested on the most important vegetatively propagated fruit and berry crops (apple, pear, orange, kumquat, grapefruit, banana, strawberry and kiwi) and grapes. About 30 genes of these crops have been used as targets for the introduction of desired mutations using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The most valuable results are the improvement of important agronomic traits. For 24 genes it has been shown that their knockout can result in the improvement of varieties. In addition, the review pays attention to the comparative analysis of the explant types of vegetatively propagated crops used for the delivery of editing genetic constructs, as well as the comparison of the editing efficiency depending on the variation of the objects used, delivery methods, etc. The article discusses the existing limitations that need to be overcome for a wider application of genomic editing in order to improve varieties of fruit and berry crops, as well as grapes.

中文翻译：

---

CRISPR/Cas9系统在无性繁殖水果和浆果作物中的应用

水果和浆果作物以及葡萄是人类饮食的重要组成部分，同时也是遗传、育种、生化和营养研究的重要对象。传统的作物研究和改良方法现在得到了有效的现代遗传技术的补充。在这篇综述中，我们分析和总结了水果、浆果作物和葡萄基因组编辑的成果。新方法加速了许多性状的基因型改进：植物对不利环境因素的抵抗力、开花和成熟时间、植物结构、果实货架时间和生化成分。使用 CRISPR/Cas9 系统进行的基因组编辑已在最重要的无性繁殖水果和浆果作物（苹果、梨、橙、金橘、葡萄柚、香蕉、草莓和猕猴桃）和葡萄。这些作物的大约 30 个基因已被用作使用 CRISPR/Cas9 系统引入所需突变的目标。最有价值的结果是重要农艺性状的改进。对于 24 个基因，已经表明它们的敲除可以导致品种改良。此外，该综述还关注用于传递编辑基因构建体的无性繁殖作物外植体类型的比较分析，以及根据所用对象、传递方法等的变化进行编辑效率的比较。这篇文章讨论了基因组编辑的更广泛应用需要克服的现有限制，以改进水果和浆果作物以及葡萄的品种。这些作物的大约 30 个基因已被用作使用 CRISPR/Cas9 系统引入所需突变的目标。最有价值的结果是重要农艺性状的改进。对于 24 个基因，已经表明它们的敲除可以导致品种改良。此外，该综述还关注用于传递编辑基因构建体的无性繁殖作物外植体类型的比较分析，以及根据所用对象、传递方法等的变化进行编辑效率的比较。这篇文章讨论了基因组编辑的更广泛应用需要克服的现有限制，以改进水果和浆果作物以及葡萄的品种。这些作物的大约 30 个基因已被用作使用 CRISPR/Cas9 系统引入所需突变的目标。最有价值的结果是重要农艺性状的改进。对于 24 个基因，已经表明它们的敲除可以导致品种改良。此外，该综述还关注用于传递编辑基因构建体的无性繁殖作物外植体类型的比较分析，以及根据所用对象、传递方法等的变化进行编辑效率的比较。这篇文章讨论了基因组编辑的更广泛应用需要克服的现有限制，以改进水果和浆果作物以及葡萄的品种。