In this study, a bi-level optimum bidding strategy is proposed in which a renewable energy portfolio manager (REPM), including electric vehicle parking lots (EVPLs) for imbalance mitigation, participates in the day-ahead (DA) market and balancing market (BM). In the upper-level problem, the total gain of REPM is maximized, while in the lower-level problem, the loss of each portfolio participant is minimized according to the specified reference value. The line capacities for bi-directional transactions with the grid are taken into consideration during the decision-making process of REPM. In the study, uncertainties for the DA market and BM price data, renewable energy productions, and electric vehicle (EV) behaviors are addressed by stochastic approach. The risk management is handled with the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) method for loss or loss from profit that may occur due to uncertainties. Moreover, various case studies are carried out with Finland and Turkey electricity market data to prove the effectiveness of the proposed model.

在本研究中，提出了一种双层最优投标策略，其中可再生能源投资组合管理器（REPM），包括用于缓解不平衡的电动汽车停车场（EVPL），参与日前（DA）市场和平衡市场（ BM）。在上层问题中，REPM的总收益最大化，而在下层问题中，每个投资组合参与者的损失根据指定的参考值最小化。REPM 的决策过程中考虑了与电网双向交易的线路容量。在研究中，DA 市场和 BM 价格数据、可再生能源生产和电动汽车 (EV) 行为的不确定性通过随机方法得到解决。风险管理采用条件风险价值 (CVaR) 方法处理因不确定性而可能发生的损失或利润损失。此外，还使用芬兰和土耳其电力市场数据进行了各种案例研究，以证明所提出模型的有效性。