Prostate cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed non-skin malignancy in male patients, still representing one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Evidence is mounting that suggests the putative role of microbiota in the carcinogenesis as well as in modulating the efficacy and activity of anticancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies) in a large number of hematological and solid tumors. However, few data are available regarding the interactions between prostate cancer and microbiome so far, in particular in terms of the impact of microbiota on disease development, pathogenesis, and response to medical treatments in this genitourinary malignancy. Herein, we provide an overview of current knowledge, novel insights and emerging therapeutic approaches related to gastrointestinal and genitourinary microbiome in prostate cancer patients, especially focusing on available evidence and published trials on this topic.

前列腺癌仍然是男性患者中最常被诊断出的非皮肤恶性肿瘤，仍然是全世界癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。越来越多的证据表明微生物群在致癌作用以及调节大量血液肿瘤和实体瘤的抗癌治疗（例如化疗、免疫检查点抑制剂、靶向治疗）的疗效和活性方面具有推定的作用。然而，迄今为止，关于前列腺癌和微生物群之间相互作用的数据很少，特别是在微生物群对这种泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤的疾病发展、发病机制和药物治疗反应的影响方面。在此，我们提供当前知识的概述，